HISTORY of the WORLD TIME-LINE from 1400 A.D. to 1599 A.D.
Use these timelines to get an idea of what affected your ancestors' lives, what they had to worry about, how they lived, etc.. I did not write these time-lines! A lady in Illinois did, which is why they are oriented to Illinois statehood facts, etc. It says 'History of the World" but mostly they relate to Europe and America. Tabby
HISTORY of the WORLD TIME-LINE from 1400 A.D. to 1599 A.D.
The information on this chart was gathered by IllinoyGenealy@aol.com
1400-1500 Most of Finland's medieval stone churches are built.
1415 Henry V defeats French at Agincourt. Jan Hus, Bohemian preacher and follower of Wycliffe, burned at stake in Constance as heretic.
1418-1460 Portugal's Prince Henry the Navigator sponsors exploration of Africa's coast.
1420 Brunelleschi begins work on the Duomo in Florence.
1428 Joan of Arc leads French against English, captured by Burgundians (1430) and turned over to the English, burned at the stake as a witch after ecclesiastical trial (1431).
1438 Incas rule in Peru.
1450 Florence becomes center of Renaissance arts and learning under the Medicis.
1453 Turks conquer Constantinople, end of the Byzantine empire, beginning of the Ottoman empire.
1455 The Wars of the Roses, civil wars between rival noble factions, begin in England (to 1485). Having invented printing with movable type at Mainz, Germany, Johann Gutenberg completes first Bible.
1462 Ivan the Great rules Russia until 1505 as first czar; ends payment of tribute to Mongols.
1478 Inquisition established by Pope Sixtus IV
1483-1546 Martin Luther, leader of Protestant reformation, preached that only faith leads to salvation without mediation of clergy or good works, attacked authority of the Pope, rejected priestly celibacy, recommended individual study of the Bible (see 1517, 1522)
1484-1492 Pope Innocent VIII
1488-1569 Miles Coverdale, Augustinian friar who left the Order, repudiated Catholicism, 1st Protestant Bishop of Exeter
1490-1775 Bukovina an integral part of the Principality of Moldavia; under local rulers but a tributary state of the Ottoman Empire.
1491-1556 Ignatius of Loyola, founded the Jesuit order (see 1534)
1492 Moors conquered in Spain by troops of Ferdinand and Isabella. Columbus becomes first European to encounter Caribbean islands, returns to Spain (1493). Second voyage to Dominica, Jamaica, Puerto Rico (1493-1496). Third voyage to Orinoco (1498). Fourth voyage to Honduras and Panama (1502-1504).
1492 Christopher Columbus's first voyage, discovers San Salvador - begins Spanish colonization of the New World
1492 Columbus left Spain, sailing west to search for new routes and sources for importing spices from the East. He returned with corn (Zea mays) and other crop plants.
1492-1503 Pope Alexander VI
1493 Finland is mentioned for the first time on a printed map of Europe in the book "Liber Chronicarum" authored by Hartmann Schedel in Germany.
1493 During Columbus’ second voyage he apparently introduced sugar cane to Santo Domingo; a settler named Aguilón was reported to have harvested cane juice by 1505 (Thomas, 1999). By 1516 the first processed sugar was shipped from Santo Domingo to Spain. Soon afterward, Portugal began importing sugar from Brasil. (Sugar cane would become a driving force for the slave trade.) Columbus also carried seed of lemon, lime, and the sweet orange to Hispaniola. He returned to Europe with pineapple. (Viola & Margolis, 1991)
1493-94 Peter Martyr wrote that Columbus brought "pepper more pungent than that from the Caucasus." These capsicum peppers were introduced into Spain in 1493, known in England by 1548, and grown in Central Europe as early as 1585.
1494 Columbus introduced cucumbers and other vegetables from Europe to Haiti.
1497 Vasco da Gama sails around Africa and discovers sea route to India (1498). Establishes Portuguese colony in India (1502). John Cabot, employed by England, reaches and explores Canadian coast. Michelangelo’s Bacchus sculpture.
1500 The Indian population of Brasil numbered about 2.5 million before European settlement. That population today is less than 200,000. (Ponting, 1991)
1501 First black slaves in America brought to Spanish colony of Santo Domingo.
c.1503 Leonardo da Vinci paints the Mona Lisa. Michelangelo sculpts the David (1504).
1503 Pope Pius III
1503-1513 Pope Julius II
1505-1572 John Knox, Protestant reformer in Scotland (see 1560)
1505 Enslaved Africans were first brought to the New World. Trade in slaves would steadily rise, driven at first by gold mining, the harvest of natural resources, and increasing agricultural demand. In the end, at least 9.5 million African slaves were brought to the New World, fully 2.5 million of whom were deployed in the Caribbean where they worked substantially in the sugar industry. For 360 years slavery was the key labor source for New World sugar production. (Mintz in Viola & Margolis, 1991) By another breakdown, approximately 13,000,000 slaves were exported from Africa between 1440 and 1870. Of those people, about 6,000,000 were deployed initially to work in sugar plantations, 2,000,000 to coffee, 1,000,000 to mining, 1,000,000 for domestic labor, 500,000 for cotton fields, 250,000 for cacao walks, and 250,000 for construction. (Thomas, 1999)
1505 The Portuguese settled Ceylon. Their exploitation of the cinnamon forests led to a system of slavery and a monopoly on trade in this spice. (Rosengarten, 1969)
1506 Pope Julius II orders the Old St Peter's Basilica torn down and authorizes Donato Bramante to plan a new structure, demolition completed in 1606
1506 St. Peter's Church started in Rome; designed and decorated by such artists and architects as Bramante, Michelangelo, da Vinci, Raphael, and Bernini before its completion in 1626.
1508-1512 Michelangelo frescoes the Sistine Chapel's vaulted ceiling
1509-1547 Henry VIII ruler of England
1509 Henry VIII ascends English throne. Michelangelo paints the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.
1509-1564 John Calvin, preached predetermination, good conduct and success were signs of election
1511 Having won battles over Muslim forces, the Portuguese advanced their control over spice producing areas of India, Ceylon, Java, Sumatra - and by 1514, the Spice Islands. For nearly 100 years great Portuguese wealth would flow from control of the spice trade. [See 1605] (Rosengarten, 1969)
1513-1522 Pope Leo X
1513 Balboa becomes the first European to encounter the Pacific Ocean. Machiavelli's The Prince.
1514 Alvarez was the first European to reach China by sea. In the region of Canton the Portuguese encountered oranges superior in sweetness and fragrance even to those brought from India and Ceylon. (Tolkowsky, 1938) = 1516 The banana was introduced to the New World from Africa. (Heiser, 1981)[See 1804]
1517 Turks conquer Egypt, control Arabia. Martin Luther posts his 95 theses denouncing church abuses on church door in Wittenberg-start of the Reformation in Germany.
1517-1994 Modern Era of Christianity - Luther, Calvin lay the seeds of modern Protestantism, England breaks away from the Catholic Church
1517 95 Theses (Martin Luther)
1518-1532 St Terese of Avila
1519 Ulrich Zwingli begins Reformation in Switzerland. Hernando Cortes conquers Mexico for Spain. Charles I of Spain is chosen Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan sets out to circumnavigate the globe.
1520 Luther excommunicated by Pope Leo X. Suleiman I ("the Magnificent") becomes Sultan of Turkey, invades Hungary (1521), Rhodes (1522), attacks Austria (1529), annexes Hungary (1541), Tripoli (1551), makes peace with Persia (1553), destroys Spanish fleet (1560), dies (1566). Magellan reaches the Pacific, is killed by Philippine natives (1521). One of his ships under Juan Sebastián del Cano continues around the world, reaches Spain (1522).
1520 Luther excommunicated
1521 Hernando Cortés conquered Mexico. While on reconnaissance in southeastern Mexico, his soldiers were the first Europeans to discover the delights of the Aztecan spice, vanilla. (Rosengarten, 1969) Among the people in Cortés’ party was a free, black African, Juan Garrido. At his farm in Coyoacán, Garrido later would become the first European to plant wheat in Mexico. (Thomas, 1999)
1522-1523 Pope Adrian VI
1522 Luther's German New Testament translation
1523-1534 Pope Clement VII
1523 The Kalmar Union is disbanded when Gustavus Vasa becomes king of Sweden.
1524 Verrazano, sailing under the French flag, explores the New England coast and New York Bay.
1524 South German peasant uprising, repressed with Luther's support, begins 1.5 century long religious wars
1525-1534 Tyndale's translation of the NT from Greek text of Erasmus (1466) compared against the Vulgate and the Pentateuch from the Hebrew (1525) compared to Vulgate and Luther's German version (1530), first printed edition, used as a vehicle by Tyndale for bitter attacks on the Church, reflects influence of Luther's NT of 1522 in rejecting "priest" for "elder", "church" for "congregation"
1527 Troops of the Holy Roman Empire attack Rome, imprison Pope Clement VII-the end of the Italian Renaissance. Castiglione writes The Courtier. The Medici family expelled from Florence.
1527The Diet of Västerås approves the Lutheran Reformation and the confiscation of ecclesiastical property.
1530 Augsburg Confession, Martin Luther founds the Lutheran Church.
1531 Reported apparition of Mary at Guadalupe, Mexico, considered "worthy of belief" by the Catholic Church
1531 Earthquake in Lisbon, Portugal kills 30,000
1531 A decree issued in Castile under the Spanish Crown allowed good terms for loans to allow purchase of slaves by settlers for establishment of sugar mills. (Thomas, 1999)
1532 Francisco Pizarro conquered Peru.
1532 Pizarro marches from Panama to Peru, kills the Inca chieftain, Atahualpa, of Peru (1533). Machiavelli's The Prince published posthumously.
1534 Henry VIII breaks England away from the Catholic church, confiscates monastic property, beginning of Episcopal Church
1534-1550 Pope Paul III
1534 Jesuit order founded by Lyola (1491-1556), helped reconvert large areas of Poland, Hungary, and S. Germany and sent missionaries to the New World, India, and China
1535-1537 Coverdale's Bible (see 1488), used Tyndale's (1525) translation along with Latin and German versions, included Apocrypha at the end of the OT (like Luther) as was done in later English versions, 1537 edition received royal license, but banned in 1546
1535 Reformation begins as Henry VIII makes himself head of English Church after being excommunicated by Pope. Sir Thomas More executed as traitor for refusal to acknowledge king's religious authority. Jacques Cartier sails up the St. Lawrence River, basis of French claims to Canada.
1536 Henry VIII executes second wife, Anne Boleyn. John Calvin establishes Reformed and Presbyterian form of Protestantism in Switzerland, writes Institutes of the Christian Religion. Danish and Norwegian Reformations. Michelangelo's Last Judgment.
1536 Tyndale put to death, left his OT translation in manuscript, English ecclesiastical authorities ordered his Bible burned because it was thought to be part of Lutheran reform
1536-1541 Michelangelo paints the Last Judgement
1537-1551 Matthew Bible, by John Rogers (1500-1555), based on Tyndale and Coverdale received royal license but not authorized for use in public worship, numerous editions, 1551 edition contained offensive notes (based on Tyndale)
1539-1552 Richard Taverner's (1505-1577) revisions of Matthew Bible, mostly NT revisions since he didn't know Hebrew, 1st edition most reliable
1539-1569 Great Bible, by Thomas Cromwell, 1st English Bible to be authorized for public use in English churches, defective in many places, based on last Tyndale's NT of 1534-1535, corrected by a Latin version of the Hebrew OT, Latin Bible of Erasmus, and Complutensian Polyglot, last edition 1569, never denounced by England
1541 John Knox leads Reformation in Scotland, establishes Presbyterian church there (1560).
1542 Conocation makes an unsuccessful attempt to correct the Great Bible against the Vulgate
1543 Parliament bans Tyndale's translation as a "crafty, false and untrue translation", although 80% of the words were in the RV
1543 Publication of On the Revolution of Heavenly Bodies by Polish scholar Nicolaus Copernicus-giving his theory that the earth revolves around the sun.
1543 Bishop Mikael Agricola produces the first Finnish-language book, a volume of Finnish grammar.
1545 Council of Trent to meet intermittently until 1563 to define Catholic dogma and doctrine, reiterate papal authority.
1545-1563 Council of Trent, Catholic Reformation, or counter-reformation, met Protestant challenge, clearly defining an official theology
1546 King Henry VIII forbids anyone to have a copy of Tyndale's or Coverdale's New Testament
1547-1553 Edward VI Ruler of England
1547 Ivan IV ("the Terrible") crowned as czar of Russia, begins conquest of Astrakhan and Kazan (1552), battles nobles (boyars) for power (1564), kills his son (1580), dies, and is succeeded by his weak and feeble- minded son, Fyodor I.
1549 Book of Common Prayer (Episcopal Church)
1550-1555 Pope Julius III
1550? St. Thomas More, Cranmer, and Foxe affirm the existence of English versions of portions of the Bible, including the Gospels (11th century), Mark, Luke, Epistles of Paul (14th century), Apocalypse (11th century)
1553-1558 Mary I ruler of England, publications of English Scriptures cease (except for Geneva NT of 1557), many clerics leave England
1553 Pontifical Gregorian University founded at Vatican City
1553 Roman Catholicism restored in England by Queen Mary I.
1555 Pope Marcellus II
1555-1559 Pope Paul IV
1556 Beza's Latin NT
1556 Akbar the Great becomes Mogul emperor of India, conquers Afghanistan (1581), continues wars of conquest (until 1605).
1558 Queen Elizabeth I ascends the throne (rules to 1603). Restores Protestantism, establishes state Church of England (Anglicanism). Renaissance will reach height in England-Shakespeare, Marlowe, Spenser.
1558-1603 Elizabeth I ruler of England
1559-1566 Pope Pius IV
1560 Geneva Bible, NT a revision of Matthew's version of Tyndale with use of Beza's NT (1556), OT a thorough revision of Great Bible, appointed to be read in Scotland (but not England), at least 140 editions
1560 Scotch Presbyterian Church founded by John Knox (1505-1572), due to disagreement with Lutherans over sacraments and church government
1561 Persecution of Huguenots in France stopped by Edict of Orleans. French religious wars begin again with massacre of Huguenots at Vassy. St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre-thousands of Huguenots murdered (1572). Amnesty granted (1573). Persecution continues periodically until Edict of Nantes (1598) gives Huguenots religious freedom (until 1685).
1563 39 Articles (Episcopal Church)
1565 Florida (in the USA) was settled although not admitted in as the 27th state until Mar. 3, 1845.
1566-1572 Pope Pius V
1568 Protestant Netherlands revolts against Catholic Spain; independence will be acknowledged by Spain in 1648. High point of Dutch Renaissance-painters Rubens, Van Dyck, Hals, and Rembrandt
1570 Japan permits visits of foreign ships. Queen Elizabeth I excommunicated by Pope. Turks attack Cyprus and war on Venice. Turkish fleet defeated at Battle of Lepanto by Spanish and Italian fleets (1571). Peace of Constantinople (1572) ends Turkish attacks on Europe.
1571 Superior force of Turks intent upon conquering Christian Europe is beaten decisively by Christian sailors reportedly calling upon the name of Our Lady of the Rosary
1572-1585 Pope Gregory XIII
1572-1606 Bishop's Bible, an inadequate and unsatisfactory revision of the Great Bible checked against the Hebrew text, 1st to be published in England by episcopal authority
1580 Francis Drake returns to England after circumnavigating the globe; knighted by Queen Elizabeth I (1581). Montaigne's Essays published.
1582 Rheims NT, based on Coverdale, Bishops', Geneva, follows Wycliffe
1582 Pope Gregory XIII implements the Gregorian calendar.
1583 William of Orange rules the Netherlands; assassinated on orders of Philip II of Spain (1584).
1585-1590 Pope Sixtus V
1586 Francis Drake, on landing at Roanoke, Virginia, heard tales of colonists who had survived on soup made from sassafras. He returned to England with what may have been the first shipment of this plant. As early as 1602 Bartholomew Gosnold (who named Cape Cod and Martha’s Vineyard) had shipped material of the plant to England. By 1607 Sassafras was in great demand, sold in English coffeehouses and even on the street. The tea was said to cure a wide range of diseases; the wood, thought to repel insect attack. Today we know that oil of sassafras (out of use since the early 1960s) is substantially the chemical safrole, once used to flavor root beer, but now considered carcinogenic. The most significant commercial use for sassafras today is the manufacture of filé, which is a powder made from young, dried leaves. (Rupp, 1990)
1587 Mary, Queen of Scots, executed for treason by order of Queen Elizabeth I. Monteverdi's First Book of Madrigals.
1588 Defeat of the Spanish Armada by English. Henry, King of Navarre and Protestant leader, recognized as Henry IV, first Bourbon king of France. Converts to Roman Catholicism in 1593 in attempt to end religious wars.
1590 Henry IV enters Paris, wars on Spain (1595), marries Marie de Medici (1600), assassinated (1610). Spenser's The Faerie Queen. El Greco's St. Jerome. Galileo's experiments with falling objects.
1590-1591 Pope Urban VII
1590 Sistine edition of the Vulgate
1590 Michelangelo's dome in St Peter's Basilica completed.
1591-1592 Pope Innocent IX
1592-1605 Pope Clement VIII
1594 Through 1597 a great famine struck Europe, caused by four bad harvests. (Ponting, 1991)
1595 Bakers in Montpellier, France were forced to use bushes to fire their ovens because there remained no forest in the area to supply firewood. Europe would continue to face energy shortages based on dwindling forest reserves. Eventually reliance would move to coal, then to petroleum (remember, even these fossil fuels are based on plant life), which would mark a major shift in the history of civilization, from renewable to non-renewable energy sources. (Ponting, 1991)
1596 Ukranian Catholic Church forms when Ukranian subjects of the king of Poland are reunited with Rome, largest Byzantine Catholic Church
1598 Boris Godunov becomes Russian czar. Tycho Brahe describes his astronomical experiments.
HISTORY of the WORLD TIME-LINE from 1400 A.D. to 1599 A.D.
The information on this chart was gathered by IllinoyGenealy@aol.com
1400-1500 Most of Finland's medieval stone churches are built.
1415 Henry V defeats French at Agincourt. Jan Hus, Bohemian preacher and follower of Wycliffe, burned at stake in Constance as heretic.
1418-1460 Portugal's Prince Henry the Navigator sponsors exploration of Africa's coast.
1420 Brunelleschi begins work on the Duomo in Florence.
1428 Joan of Arc leads French against English, captured by Burgundians (1430) and turned over to the English, burned at the stake as a witch after ecclesiastical trial (1431).
1438 Incas rule in Peru.
1450 Florence becomes center of Renaissance arts and learning under the Medicis.
1453 Turks conquer Constantinople, end of the Byzantine empire, beginning of the Ottoman empire.
1455 The Wars of the Roses, civil wars between rival noble factions, begin in England (to 1485). Having invented printing with movable type at Mainz, Germany, Johann Gutenberg completes first Bible.
1462 Ivan the Great rules Russia until 1505 as first czar; ends payment of tribute to Mongols.
1478 Inquisition established by Pope Sixtus IV
1483-1546 Martin Luther, leader of Protestant reformation, preached that only faith leads to salvation without mediation of clergy or good works, attacked authority of the Pope, rejected priestly celibacy, recommended individual study of the Bible (see 1517, 1522)
1484-1492 Pope Innocent VIII
1488-1569 Miles Coverdale, Augustinian friar who left the Order, repudiated Catholicism, 1st Protestant Bishop of Exeter
1490-1775 Bukovina an integral part of the Principality of Moldavia; under local rulers but a tributary state of the Ottoman Empire.
1491-1556 Ignatius of Loyola, founded the Jesuit order (see 1534)
1492 Moors conquered in Spain by troops of Ferdinand and Isabella. Columbus becomes first European to encounter Caribbean islands, returns to Spain (1493). Second voyage to Dominica, Jamaica, Puerto Rico (1493-1496). Third voyage to Orinoco (1498). Fourth voyage to Honduras and Panama (1502-1504).
1492 Christopher Columbus's first voyage, discovers San Salvador - begins Spanish colonization of the New World
1492 Columbus left Spain, sailing west to search for new routes and sources for importing spices from the East. He returned with corn (Zea mays) and other crop plants.
1492-1503 Pope Alexander VI
1493 Finland is mentioned for the first time on a printed map of Europe in the book "Liber Chronicarum" authored by Hartmann Schedel in Germany.
1493 During Columbus’ second voyage he apparently introduced sugar cane to Santo Domingo; a settler named Aguilón was reported to have harvested cane juice by 1505 (Thomas, 1999). By 1516 the first processed sugar was shipped from Santo Domingo to Spain. Soon afterward, Portugal began importing sugar from Brasil. (Sugar cane would become a driving force for the slave trade.) Columbus also carried seed of lemon, lime, and the sweet orange to Hispaniola. He returned to Europe with pineapple. (Viola & Margolis, 1991)
1493-94 Peter Martyr wrote that Columbus brought "pepper more pungent than that from the Caucasus." These capsicum peppers were introduced into Spain in 1493, known in England by 1548, and grown in Central Europe as early as 1585.
1494 Columbus introduced cucumbers and other vegetables from Europe to Haiti.
1497 Vasco da Gama sails around Africa and discovers sea route to India (1498). Establishes Portuguese colony in India (1502). John Cabot, employed by England, reaches and explores Canadian coast. Michelangelo’s Bacchus sculpture.
1500 The Indian population of Brasil numbered about 2.5 million before European settlement. That population today is less than 200,000. (Ponting, 1991)
1501 First black slaves in America brought to Spanish colony of Santo Domingo.
c.1503 Leonardo da Vinci paints the Mona Lisa. Michelangelo sculpts the David (1504).
1503 Pope Pius III
1503-1513 Pope Julius II
1505-1572 John Knox, Protestant reformer in Scotland (see 1560)
1505 Enslaved Africans were first brought to the New World. Trade in slaves would steadily rise, driven at first by gold mining, the harvest of natural resources, and increasing agricultural demand. In the end, at least 9.5 million African slaves were brought to the New World, fully 2.5 million of whom were deployed in the Caribbean where they worked substantially in the sugar industry. For 360 years slavery was the key labor source for New World sugar production. (Mintz in Viola & Margolis, 1991) By another breakdown, approximately 13,000,000 slaves were exported from Africa between 1440 and 1870. Of those people, about 6,000,000 were deployed initially to work in sugar plantations, 2,000,000 to coffee, 1,000,000 to mining, 1,000,000 for domestic labor, 500,000 for cotton fields, 250,000 for cacao walks, and 250,000 for construction. (Thomas, 1999)
1505 The Portuguese settled Ceylon. Their exploitation of the cinnamon forests led to a system of slavery and a monopoly on trade in this spice. (Rosengarten, 1969)
1506 Pope Julius II orders the Old St Peter's Basilica torn down and authorizes Donato Bramante to plan a new structure, demolition completed in 1606
1506 St. Peter's Church started in Rome; designed and decorated by such artists and architects as Bramante, Michelangelo, da Vinci, Raphael, and Bernini before its completion in 1626.
1508-1512 Michelangelo frescoes the Sistine Chapel's vaulted ceiling
1509-1547 Henry VIII ruler of England
1509 Henry VIII ascends English throne. Michelangelo paints the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.
1509-1564 John Calvin, preached predetermination, good conduct and success were signs of election
1511 Having won battles over Muslim forces, the Portuguese advanced their control over spice producing areas of India, Ceylon, Java, Sumatra - and by 1514, the Spice Islands. For nearly 100 years great Portuguese wealth would flow from control of the spice trade. [See 1605] (Rosengarten, 1969)
1513-1522 Pope Leo X
1513 Balboa becomes the first European to encounter the Pacific Ocean. Machiavelli's The Prince.
1514 Alvarez was the first European to reach China by sea. In the region of Canton the Portuguese encountered oranges superior in sweetness and fragrance even to those brought from India and Ceylon. (Tolkowsky, 1938) = 1516 The banana was introduced to the New World from Africa. (Heiser, 1981)[See 1804]
1517 Turks conquer Egypt, control Arabia. Martin Luther posts his 95 theses denouncing church abuses on church door in Wittenberg-start of the Reformation in Germany.
1517-1994 Modern Era of Christianity - Luther, Calvin lay the seeds of modern Protestantism, England breaks away from the Catholic Church
1517 95 Theses (Martin Luther)
1518-1532 St Terese of Avila
1519 Ulrich Zwingli begins Reformation in Switzerland. Hernando Cortes conquers Mexico for Spain. Charles I of Spain is chosen Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan sets out to circumnavigate the globe.
1520 Luther excommunicated by Pope Leo X. Suleiman I ("the Magnificent") becomes Sultan of Turkey, invades Hungary (1521), Rhodes (1522), attacks Austria (1529), annexes Hungary (1541), Tripoli (1551), makes peace with Persia (1553), destroys Spanish fleet (1560), dies (1566). Magellan reaches the Pacific, is killed by Philippine natives (1521). One of his ships under Juan Sebastián del Cano continues around the world, reaches Spain (1522).
1520 Luther excommunicated
1521 Hernando Cortés conquered Mexico. While on reconnaissance in southeastern Mexico, his soldiers were the first Europeans to discover the delights of the Aztecan spice, vanilla. (Rosengarten, 1969) Among the people in Cortés’ party was a free, black African, Juan Garrido. At his farm in Coyoacán, Garrido later would become the first European to plant wheat in Mexico. (Thomas, 1999)
1522-1523 Pope Adrian VI
1522 Luther's German New Testament translation
1523-1534 Pope Clement VII
1523 The Kalmar Union is disbanded when Gustavus Vasa becomes king of Sweden.
1524 Verrazano, sailing under the French flag, explores the New England coast and New York Bay.
1524 South German peasant uprising, repressed with Luther's support, begins 1.5 century long religious wars
1525-1534 Tyndale's translation of the NT from Greek text of Erasmus (1466) compared against the Vulgate and the Pentateuch from the Hebrew (1525) compared to Vulgate and Luther's German version (1530), first printed edition, used as a vehicle by Tyndale for bitter attacks on the Church, reflects influence of Luther's NT of 1522 in rejecting "priest" for "elder", "church" for "congregation"
1527 Troops of the Holy Roman Empire attack Rome, imprison Pope Clement VII-the end of the Italian Renaissance. Castiglione writes The Courtier. The Medici family expelled from Florence.
1527The Diet of Västerås approves the Lutheran Reformation and the confiscation of ecclesiastical property.
1530 Augsburg Confession, Martin Luther founds the Lutheran Church.
1531 Reported apparition of Mary at Guadalupe, Mexico, considered "worthy of belief" by the Catholic Church
1531 Earthquake in Lisbon, Portugal kills 30,000
1531 A decree issued in Castile under the Spanish Crown allowed good terms for loans to allow purchase of slaves by settlers for establishment of sugar mills. (Thomas, 1999)
1532 Francisco Pizarro conquered Peru.
1532 Pizarro marches from Panama to Peru, kills the Inca chieftain, Atahualpa, of Peru (1533). Machiavelli's The Prince published posthumously.
1534 Henry VIII breaks England away from the Catholic church, confiscates monastic property, beginning of Episcopal Church
1534-1550 Pope Paul III
1534 Jesuit order founded by Lyola (1491-1556), helped reconvert large areas of Poland, Hungary, and S. Germany and sent missionaries to the New World, India, and China
1535-1537 Coverdale's Bible (see 1488), used Tyndale's (1525) translation along with Latin and German versions, included Apocrypha at the end of the OT (like Luther) as was done in later English versions, 1537 edition received royal license, but banned in 1546
1535 Reformation begins as Henry VIII makes himself head of English Church after being excommunicated by Pope. Sir Thomas More executed as traitor for refusal to acknowledge king's religious authority. Jacques Cartier sails up the St. Lawrence River, basis of French claims to Canada.
1536 Henry VIII executes second wife, Anne Boleyn. John Calvin establishes Reformed and Presbyterian form of Protestantism in Switzerland, writes Institutes of the Christian Religion. Danish and Norwegian Reformations. Michelangelo's Last Judgment.
1536 Tyndale put to death, left his OT translation in manuscript, English ecclesiastical authorities ordered his Bible burned because it was thought to be part of Lutheran reform
1536-1541 Michelangelo paints the Last Judgement
1537-1551 Matthew Bible, by John Rogers (1500-1555), based on Tyndale and Coverdale received royal license but not authorized for use in public worship, numerous editions, 1551 edition contained offensive notes (based on Tyndale)
1539-1552 Richard Taverner's (1505-1577) revisions of Matthew Bible, mostly NT revisions since he didn't know Hebrew, 1st edition most reliable
1539-1569 Great Bible, by Thomas Cromwell, 1st English Bible to be authorized for public use in English churches, defective in many places, based on last Tyndale's NT of 1534-1535, corrected by a Latin version of the Hebrew OT, Latin Bible of Erasmus, and Complutensian Polyglot, last edition 1569, never denounced by England
1541 John Knox leads Reformation in Scotland, establishes Presbyterian church there (1560).
1542 Conocation makes an unsuccessful attempt to correct the Great Bible against the Vulgate
1543 Parliament bans Tyndale's translation as a "crafty, false and untrue translation", although 80% of the words were in the RV
1543 Publication of On the Revolution of Heavenly Bodies by Polish scholar Nicolaus Copernicus-giving his theory that the earth revolves around the sun.
1543 Bishop Mikael Agricola produces the first Finnish-language book, a volume of Finnish grammar.
1545 Council of Trent to meet intermittently until 1563 to define Catholic dogma and doctrine, reiterate papal authority.
1545-1563 Council of Trent, Catholic Reformation, or counter-reformation, met Protestant challenge, clearly defining an official theology
1546 King Henry VIII forbids anyone to have a copy of Tyndale's or Coverdale's New Testament
1547-1553 Edward VI Ruler of England
1547 Ivan IV ("the Terrible") crowned as czar of Russia, begins conquest of Astrakhan and Kazan (1552), battles nobles (boyars) for power (1564), kills his son (1580), dies, and is succeeded by his weak and feeble- minded son, Fyodor I.
1549 Book of Common Prayer (Episcopal Church)
1550-1555 Pope Julius III
1550? St. Thomas More, Cranmer, and Foxe affirm the existence of English versions of portions of the Bible, including the Gospels (11th century), Mark, Luke, Epistles of Paul (14th century), Apocalypse (11th century)
1553-1558 Mary I ruler of England, publications of English Scriptures cease (except for Geneva NT of 1557), many clerics leave England
1553 Pontifical Gregorian University founded at Vatican City
1553 Roman Catholicism restored in England by Queen Mary I.
1555 Pope Marcellus II
1555-1559 Pope Paul IV
1556 Beza's Latin NT
1556 Akbar the Great becomes Mogul emperor of India, conquers Afghanistan (1581), continues wars of conquest (until 1605).
1558 Queen Elizabeth I ascends the throne (rules to 1603). Restores Protestantism, establishes state Church of England (Anglicanism). Renaissance will reach height in England-Shakespeare, Marlowe, Spenser.
1558-1603 Elizabeth I ruler of England
1559-1566 Pope Pius IV
1560 Geneva Bible, NT a revision of Matthew's version of Tyndale with use of Beza's NT (1556), OT a thorough revision of Great Bible, appointed to be read in Scotland (but not England), at least 140 editions
1560 Scotch Presbyterian Church founded by John Knox (1505-1572), due to disagreement with Lutherans over sacraments and church government
1561 Persecution of Huguenots in France stopped by Edict of Orleans. French religious wars begin again with massacre of Huguenots at Vassy. St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre-thousands of Huguenots murdered (1572). Amnesty granted (1573). Persecution continues periodically until Edict of Nantes (1598) gives Huguenots religious freedom (until 1685).
1563 39 Articles (Episcopal Church)
1565 Florida (in the USA) was settled although not admitted in as the 27th state until Mar. 3, 1845.
1566-1572 Pope Pius V
1568 Protestant Netherlands revolts against Catholic Spain; independence will be acknowledged by Spain in 1648. High point of Dutch Renaissance-painters Rubens, Van Dyck, Hals, and Rembrandt
1570 Japan permits visits of foreign ships. Queen Elizabeth I excommunicated by Pope. Turks attack Cyprus and war on Venice. Turkish fleet defeated at Battle of Lepanto by Spanish and Italian fleets (1571). Peace of Constantinople (1572) ends Turkish attacks on Europe.
1571 Superior force of Turks intent upon conquering Christian Europe is beaten decisively by Christian sailors reportedly calling upon the name of Our Lady of the Rosary
1572-1585 Pope Gregory XIII
1572-1606 Bishop's Bible, an inadequate and unsatisfactory revision of the Great Bible checked against the Hebrew text, 1st to be published in England by episcopal authority
1580 Francis Drake returns to England after circumnavigating the globe; knighted by Queen Elizabeth I (1581). Montaigne's Essays published.
1582 Rheims NT, based on Coverdale, Bishops', Geneva, follows Wycliffe
1582 Pope Gregory XIII implements the Gregorian calendar.
1583 William of Orange rules the Netherlands; assassinated on orders of Philip II of Spain (1584).
1585-1590 Pope Sixtus V
1586 Francis Drake, on landing at Roanoke, Virginia, heard tales of colonists who had survived on soup made from sassafras. He returned to England with what may have been the first shipment of this plant. As early as 1602 Bartholomew Gosnold (who named Cape Cod and Martha’s Vineyard) had shipped material of the plant to England. By 1607 Sassafras was in great demand, sold in English coffeehouses and even on the street. The tea was said to cure a wide range of diseases; the wood, thought to repel insect attack. Today we know that oil of sassafras (out of use since the early 1960s) is substantially the chemical safrole, once used to flavor root beer, but now considered carcinogenic. The most significant commercial use for sassafras today is the manufacture of filé, which is a powder made from young, dried leaves. (Rupp, 1990)
1587 Mary, Queen of Scots, executed for treason by order of Queen Elizabeth I. Monteverdi's First Book of Madrigals.
1588 Defeat of the Spanish Armada by English. Henry, King of Navarre and Protestant leader, recognized as Henry IV, first Bourbon king of France. Converts to Roman Catholicism in 1593 in attempt to end religious wars.
1590 Henry IV enters Paris, wars on Spain (1595), marries Marie de Medici (1600), assassinated (1610). Spenser's The Faerie Queen. El Greco's St. Jerome. Galileo's experiments with falling objects.
1590-1591 Pope Urban VII
1590 Sistine edition of the Vulgate
1590 Michelangelo's dome in St Peter's Basilica completed.
1591-1592 Pope Innocent IX
1592-1605 Pope Clement VIII
1594 Through 1597 a great famine struck Europe, caused by four bad harvests. (Ponting, 1991)
1595 Bakers in Montpellier, France were forced to use bushes to fire their ovens because there remained no forest in the area to supply firewood. Europe would continue to face energy shortages based on dwindling forest reserves. Eventually reliance would move to coal, then to petroleum (remember, even these fossil fuels are based on plant life), which would mark a major shift in the history of civilization, from renewable to non-renewable energy sources. (Ponting, 1991)
1596 Ukranian Catholic Church forms when Ukranian subjects of the king of Poland are reunited with Rome, largest Byzantine Catholic Church
1598 Boris Godunov becomes Russian czar. Tycho Brahe describes his astronomical experiments.
posted by Tabby @ 2:35 PM
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