Tabby's Journal of Discourses

FINDING ANCESTORS in the USA

2006-02-26T08:29:00.000-07:00

"FINDING ANCESTORS in the USA" adapted from the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saint’s website by Tabby.

Records of your ancestors in the USA are kept by the national government, state, county, or town agencies. To do family history research, you need to search for your ancestor in those records, so you need to first figure out where he or she lived at various times in their lives.

Here are seven steps to help you figure that out.

Step 1. Check for previous research by known or – (surprise!) new unknown relatives.
No point doing what has already been done. After the first three generations back from yourself, you are very likely to find some distant unknown ‘cousin three times removed’ who has done a lot of your research already. Last Friday at a Marx family funeral, I sat across the lunch table from an ancient guy who introduced himself as a Cloward family member. He was my husband’s mother’s cousin. I pulled out my Palm T3 (which has 6000 people in it) and there was his name, but no birth-date for him. We traded info and I can use him as a ‘contact’ to find the guy with more-complete Cloward stuff. You just never know. Someone may have already done a lot of your work for you.

Step 2. Check following sources for the state, county, or town where your ancestor lived.
SOCIAL SECURITY DEATH INDEX lists people whose deaths were reported to the Social Security Administration. Most people in this index died after about 1961. The index also shows the state where the person received a Social Security Number and the state where the person died, and who got the SS benefits check. These Internet sites have the index: $$$: Ancestry.com or FamilyTreeMaker.com. FREE: Family History Library & some Family History Centers also have Social Security Death Index.
ACCELERATED INDEXING SERVICES INDEX (AIS) is an index of census records covering either all the United States or large sections of the United States for given times up to about 1880. A few other records, such as some tax records, are also included. The index usually tells the county and town where people lived. This index is available on the Internet through $$$: Ancestry.com & FamilyTree Maker.com. FREE: Family History Library and many Family History Centers have this index on fiche.
MILITARY records & MILITARY PENSION records indexed on a national or state level.
PASSPORTS can help you if your ancestor applied for a United States passport. These are indexed on a national level.

Step 3. Check the following sources if you know the state, but not the county or town.
FEDERAL CENSUS INDEXES usually give the town & county where the head of the household lived. The censuses were taken every 10 years starting in 1790. Indexes are available from 1790 to 1920 for most states. (1890 was burned, but somewhat replaced by State censuses, military or tax lists)
STATEWIDE INDEXES list indexes to such records as biographies, land records, military records, probate records, and tax records.

Step 4. Check the following sources if you know the state and county, but not the town.
The following types of county records may help you find the town where your ancestor lived:
FAMILY HISTORIES
STATEWIDE indexes to COUNTY and TOWN HISTORIES
LAND records
COURT records
MARRIAGE indexes
PROBATE indexes
TAX lists
MILITIA lists

Step 5. If you want to know where your ancestor lived previously, check these sources.
Check the following for a place where you know your ancestor lived. These records might mention where your ancestor lived previously to that. The words in parentheses ( ) indicate whether to search for town, county, state, or national records.
FAMILY HISTORIES (search in national records)
LOCAL HISTORIES (search in town, county, or state)
BIOGRAPHICAL WORKS (town, county, or state)
LAND RECORDS (county)
CHURCH RECORDS (town)
OBITUARIES (town or county)
PUBLIC OR TOWN RECORDS (town)
COURT RECORDS (town, county, or state)
CENSUSES for 1850, 1860, 1870, 1880, 1900, 1910, and 1920 (state or United States)
REGIONAL MILITIA LISTS (county or state).
MIGRATION PATTERNS and MAPS (state or United States)

Step 6. If you can’t find your ancestor, find information about the relatives of your ancestor.
Use the sources in steps 1 to 4 to find where the following people lived:
Children of your ancestor, because older parents often lived near their children.
Brothers and sisters, because siblings often lived together or nearby.
In-laws, because ancestors often married ‘the girl next door’. In-laws often lived nearby.
Since people usually moved in large groups with other people who were relatives, friends, or neighbors, learning about these people may lead you to information about your own direct ancestors.

Step 7. Check places where you already know other events in your ancestor’s lives happened.
If all you know is the place they died, go ‘backwards in time’ and look for marriage info next; if you find that, then look for their birth records.
So, if you know where your ancestor died, check marriage records, deeds, county and town histories, and other records of that same place for their marriage information.
Then when you know where your ancestor was married, check those marriage records, and deeds, county and town histories, and other records of that place for their birth information.
Conversely...
If all you know is the place they were born, go ‘forward in time’ and check for marriage records of that place as a lot of ancestors were married in the town or county where they were born, or in a nearby county. (Note that if they lived along the edge of a state, they may have ‘crossed the river’ to be married in a town over there, so check that possibility too. And they may have been born in a town across the river but lived their life in the other state. We have an ancestor who was born in a car on the bridge between two states.)
Then when you know where your ancestor was married, check deeds indexes, probate indexes, obituary indexes, county and town histories, and other records of that place for their death information.

Remember the First Rule of Genealogy: a Primary Record is better than a Secondary Record. A primary record is the actual record created at the time of an event while a secondary record is created later in time about it; for example, the actual marriage certificate is more likely to be accurate than an obituary that says ‘they were married in New Jersey in 1890".... but the obituary is more likely to be accurate about the death date and place, than a compiled, re-typed and mimeographed ‘book of records’ put out by a county history society and then read quickly and transcribed by a later descendant. So look for all records but ‘trust’ the primary ones the most.

'scanning' versus 'photocopying'

2005-08-29T18:57:00.000-06:00

A relative just gave me lots of 'copies' of her photos so I could 'scan' them into my computer for a family history book. Unfortunately, she had taken the photos to Wally World and had them PHOTOCOPY them on a color copy machine. They were printed on coated paper and made of little tiny lines, which of course, my scanner 'saw' and so none of the photos were good enough for the book.

If you are afraid to let someone have your only photo, make a copy of the photo on real photo paper by using a copy camera, use the negative to make a duplicate, or actually scan in the photo in your own computer and give the person the .jpg or.TIFF file of the photo instead. Don't think you can use a color copy machine to get a good copy.

Resurrecting a Bloated Computer

2005-08-28T12:19:00.000-06:00

This is a document written and posted by Mrkvonic! I re-posted it here to help you all with your computer problems. Family History is hard to do with a computer that is bloated from spyware and adware and is running really slow because of that. But follow these steps carefully and at your OWN RISK!!!! because when you format your computer, you are completely erasing all your data, photos, music, letters, genealogy, etc., and you cannot un-do it!! Note his disclaimer, mine is the same. Tabby

Mrkvonic’s Document posted on July 24 2005 on Spyware Warriors

COMPUTER RESURRECTION (Formatting and Re-Installing Instructions)
Disclaimer
This document is a recommendation only. I give no warranty for your actions. You will not hold me responsible for any inconvenience, incompatibility, damage, or lack of satisfaction that you experience by undertaking any or all of the steps mentioned in this document. Although I have a positive personal experience with everything I’ve written here, I cannot guarantee the same results for you, whether due to inadvertent actions, hardware or software issues. The entire contents here are written in my own words. This document is based on my own knowledge and experience. Of course, it is built on the knowledge and experience I have gained from other people. This document does not breach the copyrights of, or advertise any vendor or website mentioned here. No parts of text have been copied off other sites or from other documents. I do not have and will not have any profit from writing this document. I believe this documents holds no false data or misconceptions. However I am only human and mistakes are possible. You are welcome to add suggestions and corrections. All web links I post here are, in the best of my knowledge and belief, linked to reputable software. However, I hold no responsibility whatsoever for any download you make on the net. End of disclaimer

A. Introduction
This document is intended to help an average user reformat his PC and reinstall a Windows XP operating system properly, with emphasis on layered security.

In case your computer is reacting sluggishly or you have spyware installed, sometimes the best solution is to start anew – format. Computers are a blessing in that no matter how serious the software disease is, it can be remedied by the formatting of the hard drive and a clean installation of the operating system.

This document covers the format and installation of the English version of the Windows XP operating system only. If you are a user of Linux, Mac or older versions of the Windows, some or all of the issues here may not apply to you.

1. All software mentioned in this document is free for download and use.

2. Hundreds of alternatives are available to the recipes I suggest here; this is by no means the ‘Ten Commandments’ for doing it right. This document is, in my opinion, a relatively simple yet effective way of setting up your home PC.

3. If you decide to use this document, please follow ALL of the steps; do not skip or omit certain details. You might get different results from what I write here.

4. I will recommend usage of certain programs here, but I will not go into detail about using any of them. Each one requires special attention in separate documents. I will only concisely introduce different programs and tools here, leaving the task of thorough reading and learning to the user.

5. Enjoy.

B. Preparations [YOU MUST HAVE ALL THESE THINGS BEFORE YOU START!!!]
Before you start the format, make sure you have the following items by your side:

1. Your legal Windows XP installation disk (SP1 or SP2).

2. Your legal Windows license. [the number on the sticker, needed to activate!]

3. ALL drivers for your computers. [printers, video, modem, sound, etc.]

4. Your personal data backed up on CD(s) or similar external storage devices. [VERY important!]

5. A variety of important programs backed up on a CD (see below).

C. Back up your data
Save your personal files. To burn CDs or DVDs, you will need a burner and appropriate software. You can use the Windows internal burner, if you lack third-party software.

I suggest you save your data once a month. Create a core backup and then add small updates to it every once in a while. For instance, every first week of a month I create a new folder called update + [name of the month & year ...example: Update June 2005] and save all my new files in the same format like the core data, then at the end of the month, burn this data onto a CD. This will reduce the risk of loss of data due to whatever malady, and speed the process of possible [re-] format[ing].

D. Download programs you will need later on
Download the programs I will mention in the rest of the document, save the installation or setup files in individual folders, then burn the entire collection onto a CD. I will call this disk ‘THE TOOLS’. You will use the tools once you have formatted your PC and reinstalled the Windows. This will reduce the hassle of frequenting websites for software and updates while your computer is still unprotected immediately after the installation of the Windows. It will also help you keep the security and utility software in one package, allowing easier retrieval and use later on.

Again, I suggest you make a core folder with programs and create monthly or bi-monthly updates. For instance, a part of your core will be Microsoft Anti-Spyware (see below). However, ‘Update June’ folder may contain a new version of it, and future ‘Update September’ folder a still newer version of it. Do not wait for trouble. Download the programs as soon as you can. The two steps above can become a problem if your computer ‘suddenly’ becomes virtually non-functional. For instance, spyware can deny access to security sites. Or your CD burner might be damaged.

I have no genius workaround. The best I can offer is to get rid of the existing spyware as much as possible, buy a sufficiently large USB flash device or have a working CD burner available, prepare the copies of your data and needed programs, then start the format and reinstall. If your computer is working properly and you have some free time, I suggest you make the required copies soon.

Some people will suggest backing up the registry, making ghost images etc. These things are not for the average user or they cost money. I suggest leaving the operating system alone and taking care of your own data. Your own data cannot be replaced; the system can.

Tip: When you visit the explanatory and tutorial pages in my links, I suggest you save the pages offline in a unique folder. This way, you will be able to see the documents and read what they say even when you do not have an Internet access. Printing them can also be useful.

E. Formatting & Reinstalling Make sure, once again, [that] you have everything ready. UNPLUG your computer’s phone line, modem or any Internet-calling device from the wall. Make sure you have NO connection with the external world.

To format and reinstall, the best way to do is follow the Microsoft’s own advice:
http://support.microsoft.com/?kbid=313348 If you find the document a bit confusing, this is the gist of it: When you reboot, hit your setup key (usually Del or F2). Change your boot sequence to boot from CD first. Insert Windows XP disc into the CD drive. Reboot. You will now reach the Windows setup screen. You will have to accept the EULA before you can proceed. Do not try to repair your operating system, go for format. Take a pen and paper and write down the exact types and sizes of your existing partitions. Delete existing partitions. Create new partitions and format them. DO NOT CHANGE THE KERNEL PARTITION SIZE. LEAVE IT AS IT IS. If you have a single hard drive, I suggest you make a single partition. It will make things simpler.

Ideally, you will have money for 2 or more hard drives. One of these drives could be used to store your personal information and possibly third-party programs. Another could be used to store a second operating system (like Linux), for instance. Realistically, though, most people have only a single hard drive. Partitioning it into several drives will not benefit you in terms of reliability and speed. If a hard drive gets damaged, all partitions will be damaged. There will be no increase in speed, since the single hard drive has a single head that can only read from one partition at a given time. Partitioning can be useful for the purposes of backup and solving software issues. Just bear in mind that physical damages will destroy the entire disk.

I suggest you spend a few moments planning carefully how you want to section your hard drive. It is much better creating partitions during the setup then later on, inside Windows. The formatting will take about 10-40 minutes, on average. You will now begin the Windows installation. It is a pretty straightforward process and will take about an hour.

F. Setting your Windows
Once you load into the Windows: Install your video and audio drivers.
You do not have to allow either the video card or the sound card consoles to be added to the system tray. These will hog your resources unnecessarily. Install your other drivers after you have some security set up on your computer. Reboot.

G. Properly securing your operating system
If you have SP2, skip the next section; if you have SP1, Grab your ‘THE TOOLS’ disc.

G1. Install the SP2. You can order SP2 directly from Microsoft. The service is free of charge. The delivery takes about a month.
http://www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/downloads/updates/sp2/cdorder/en_us/default.mspx
Alternatively, you can download it from here:
http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?FamilyId=049C9DBE-3B8E-4F30-8245-9E368D3CDB5A&displaylang=en
Notice: some people might have problems installing SP2 and the installation could get stuck. If this happens, you can either refer to Microsoft’s support or start again with format and reinstall. There could be dozens of reasons why SP2 could fail to install. I will not go into details. From my personal experience, I have encountered only a single failed SP2 install out of two dozens or so. This probably happened because the registry was protected by a security application, which prevented the SP2 from installing properly. Therefore, I recommend you install SP2 first and foremost, without any background processes running. If the SP2 fails to install though, here’s a last-resort link though:
http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?kbid=875355&product=windowsxpsp2
Still, don’t be discouraged. You have just begun. In the worst case, you will format anew and start again, just losing some time. After a successful update, reboot. Grab your ‘THE TOOLS’ disc.

G2. Now install the firewall and anti-virus. I recommend AVG anti-virus and ZoneAlarm firewall, for most people. Both applications are basically fire-and-forget and will not require too much intervention in everyday work.
AVG: http://free.grisoft.com/doc/1
ZoneAlarm: http://www.zonelabs.com/store/content/home.jsp
Enable ZoneAlarm as your firewall and disable Windows firewall to avoid conflicts. Alternatively, you can try Avast! and Antivir anti-virus or Sygate Personal Firewall.
Avast! http://www.avast.com/
Antivir http://www.free-av.com/
Sygate Personal Firewall http://www.sygate.com/
Now, you can plug in your internet connection. If you have a router, ....the better. Set your dialer (dial-up, ADSL, LAN etc.). Configure your firewall and / or router to allow necessary incoming / outgoing traffic.

G3. Update your Windows DO NOT surf the internet. Just head to the Windows update using the ‘Windows Update’ shortcut in the Start menu. Install ALL, I repeat ALL available critical updates. I also strongly recommend all hardware updates. You can decide whether you want the additional software updates. Most are useful.

G4. Install other security software ....... Before you start, [read this]: I suggest you make a System Restore point before every install. I suggest you reboot after every install to see how your system reacts. I suggest you download all available updates for every newly installed software. Reboot again.

Anti-spyware
Ad-Aware SE http://www.lavasoftusa.com/software/adaware/
http://www.download.com/3000-2144-10045910.html?part=69274&subj=dlpage&tag=button
Spybot S&D http://www.safer-networking.org/en/download/
Note: After you fully update Spybot, use the Immunize option to inoculate your computer from known threats. Repeat this procedure after every update, if needed. Likewise, activate the resident SDHelper BHO. Spybot also has a TeaTimer resident, which can also be activated. TeaTimer will protect the registry against changes and pit decisions against the user. Using this tool efficiently requires some advanced knowledge about registry. TeaTimer should be disabled during installation of TRUSTED software or Windows updates.
Microsoft Anti-Spyware http://www.microsoft.com/athome/security/spyware/software/default.mspx
Spyware Doctor free version http://www.download.com/1200-2018-5139934.html
http://www.pctools.com/downloads/sdinstall.exe These two versions slightly differ from one another. I have yet to decide which one offers the most benefits to the user.
X-Cleaner http://www.xblock.com/download-freeware.php The free version of X-Cleaner is not too highly customizable, but it includes a malware scanner and can perform minor maintenance operations. The tool also has an online anti-keylogging keyboard function.

Only Microsoft Anti-Spyware has a real-time protection. The other three are useful on-demand scanners. I suggest you try to update the software and make regular scans at least once a week.

Anti-Trojan software
A2 http://www.emsisoft.com/en/software/free/ Note: A2 requires a registration.
Ewido http://www.ewido.net/en/download/ Both are on-demand scanners. Again, I suggest a weekly routine for best effects.

G5. Prevention & protection software NOTICE: There are dozens of more programs and utilities that I do not cover here. However, I’m listing here only those I found least difficult, confusing and most transparent for the average user. This goes for both prevention software and hardening tools.
SpywareBlaster http://www.javacoolsoftware.com/spywareblaster.html SpywareBlaster will create a blacklist of ActiveX controls and sites and put them in the Restricted Zone of the Internet Explorer. Make sure you Enable Protection for new items after every update.
SpywareGuard http://www.javacoolsoftware.com/spywareguard.html SpywareGuard is a registry monitor and will protect against browser hijacks; although quiet, it can be useful. Notice: SpywareGuard can cause problems when installing third-party software. If you want, shut it down when you install TRUSTED software. Some users also have had conflicts using SpywareGuard in conjunction with Microsoft Anti-Spyware.
WinPatrol http://www.winpatrol.com/ WinPatrol is a registry monitor. It will alert about changes to homepage, neutralize spyware and watch processes.
Attack Shield Worm Suppression http://www.download.com/Attack-Shield-Worm-Suppression/3000-2239_4-10388578.html This tool will protect a number of vital Windows processes from being modified or terminated. It requires registration if you’re over 13 years old. SnoopFree http://www.snoopfree.com/default.htm This is an anti-keylogger. Note: if you get warnings that Ad-Aware or ZoneAlarm are trying to read the screen, allow them.

Using all these tools combined, you will probably be quite protected. However, there are many other useful utilities that can help harden your system even more. Once all of the software mentioned is installed, run full scans and reboot your computer.

G6. Hardening your system
G6-1. Disable unnecessary services MAKE a backup of the services before you tamper. Export the entire services.reg to a unique folder and keep it in case you need to revert the changes. This is a tricky business. There are many right and wrong ways to do it. There is no golden rule because different configurations fit different needs. In my opinion, the best online guide for this is BlackViper’s:
http://dhost.info/kyeu/mirror/blackviper/index.html

If you want to establish a home network, some of the services ARE necessary to make it work properly. Bear in mind what you want to do. For most users, though, you will most probably be able to safely disable the following services: Indexing Service, Messenger, Network DDE, Network DDE DSDM, Remote Desktop Help Session Manager, Remote Registry, Routing and Remote Access, Telnet, and UPnP.
Likewise, if you do not use the Windows integral CD-burning service or you do not have a UPS, you can also disable these services.

G6-2. Harden your system Although WinXP SP2 is patched rather fairly, extra hardening does not hurt. Some functionality can be lost, though. Therefore, make sure that you use these tools wisely.
ShootTheMessenger http://grc.com/stm/shootthemessenger.htm This tool disables Windows Messenger service.
Unplug n’ Pray http://grc.com/UnPnP/UnPnP.htm This tool will disable the Windows UPnP service.
SocketLock http://grc.com/dos/sockettome1.htm This prevents all users from accessing the Windows raw sockets.
BugOff http://www.spywareinfo.com/~merijn/downloads.html This tool will stop a variety of exploits. Important notice: Windows update will not be available with these patches enabled. Disable them all before running Windows update then re-enable them later on. Other side effects are covered inside the utility. This tool is created by Merijn. Merijn also has a number of other utilities, including a very powerful HijackThis and CWShredder. These are not prevention tools, though.
HTAStop http://www.nsclean.com/htastop.html This utility will prevent HTA from running on your machine. Although it is not intended for XP, it will do its job. This application may have a side effect in that the User Accounts under Control Panel may cease to function fully, since the standard GUI has been replaced with an HTA. If you encounter a problem, you can temporarily disable the utility, make necessary changes to the User Accounts and re-enable it again.
WWDC http://www.firewallleaktester.com/wwdc.htm This one will close most popular worms ports.
SecureIt http://www.sniff-em.com/secureit.shtml This tool will secure against a variety of exploits.
HardenIt http://www.sniff-em.com/hardenit.shtml This tool will protect against DoS-type of attacks. I do not suggest novices use SecureIt and HardenIt tools, because they can be more of a trouble than help for an inexperienced user. Still, I mention them here because they are extremely useful and powerful tools. SecureIt does have one very powerful option, which is to add a right-click privileges option to all applications, allowing the user to run them with reduced privileges.
WSH Anti-polymorphism patch http://www.diamondcs.com.au/index.php?page=patch1
This patch will prevent scripts from rewriting themselves.
SafeXP http://www.theorica.net/safexp.htm SafeXP is a tweaking tool for privacy and security settings. Very important: SafeXP contains some features covered by other tools mentioned here. For instance, both ShootTheMessenger and SafeXP can be used to shut down the Messenger service. On the other hand, Windows XP SP2 disables this service, by default. Therefore, it is important that you use these different tools for maximal coverage rather than unnecessary overkill. Simply choose the most convenient method for you to increase your computer security. If you do not like to disable services manually, for example, you can opt for automatic tools to do the job for you.
Extra tools for average + users Prevx http://www.prevx.com/ Prevx is a host intrusion prevention program. It will protect against a variety of attacks and exploits. The free version is not very customizable, though, and will alert with a large number of messages during installations and usage of other software, and it takes some time getting it set properly. Antihook http://www.infoprocess.biz/AntiHook.aspx Antihook is a intrusion detection and prevention program. It will detect attempts of processes trying to load into memory, dll injections and Windows hooks installations, alerting the user. This tool requires some knowledge of what processes do, otherwise allowing or disallowing the prompts will have little security efficiency. Therefore, I do not recommend it for the average PC user. But like Prevx, it must be mentioned. Likewise, it requires registration.
RegProt http://www.diamondcs.com.au/index.php?page=regprot RegProt is a registry monitor that will alert the user about any change to registry keys or values. Again, this tool demands some advanced knowledge to be used successfully. If you decide to use RegProt, disable it before you install TRUSTED software or make any Windows updates.
ScriptSentry http://www.jasons-toolbox.com/programs.asp?Program=Script%20Sentry
ScriptSentry can be used to monitor scripts executing on your machine. It will prompt the user to allow / deny the scripts. Again, some advanced knowledge is required when using this tool.

G7. Other things to do
Disable the Guest account.
Password your account with a good solid password (not 12345 or your birthday).
Password the default Administrator account as well. The last one is important if other (unwanted) people have access to your computer.
Install your other devices, like printer, scanner, web camera etc.

H. Maintenance
Regular maintenance is important for good PC health. The maintenance covers the registry, files and folders and the general state of the hard disk.

H-1. Cleaning the registry Software creates lots of unnecessary entries in the registry. Many of these keys are never properly removed when software is uninstalled, leaving useless traces in the registry that affect the performance. Word of caution: Be careful using registry cleaning software. You may accidentally remove important entries. Make backups before you delete anything. From my experience, RegSeeker will sometimes delete needed Adobe Acrobat entries. Use CCleaner and RegSeeker to fix registry problems.
CCleaner http://www.ccleaner.com/
RegSeeker http://www.hoverdesk.net/freeware.htm
Once you remove the old entries, it is useful to defragment the registry. Use PageDefrag to do this: http://www.sysinternals.com/Utilities/PageDefrag.html

H-2. Cleaning the unused files CCleaner is also a very useful utility for removing temporary files, temporary Internet files, log files, MRUs etc. You can also use the Windows Clean Manager to remove temporary files and old log files. Another useful utility for cleaning lists of recently opened documents, cookies and temporary files is MRU-Blaster: http://www.javacoolsoftware.com/mrublaster.html

H-3. Chkdsk & Defragmentation Check your disk(s) for errors once in a while. Defragment your hard drive(s) about once a month for increased performance. Extra tweaking: I suggest you switch to Classic View and Classic Menus. This will reduce the CPU usage somewhat. If you lack RAM, you can also do without the background desktop image. I do not recommend memory and Internet optimizing tools unless the user is fully aware of what he / she desires. For instance, many TCP/IP optimizers set the largest MTU to 1500 bytes, however on some home LAN networks, I noticed that, depending on the firewall settings, the largest MTU was only 1460 bytes, in which case the would-be optimization would results in fragmented packets and reduced performance.

H-4. Microsoft Baseline Security Analyzer http://www.microsoft.com/technet/security/tools/mbsahome.mspx This tool can scan a computer for gaps and mis-configurations in security. It will check if any critical Windows or Office updates are missing, if the IE zones are configured properly, if macro levels are safe, and other administrative vulnerabilities. The tool will detail possible problems and links and ways to their solution. This tool should be run once a week, to make sure you have forgotten nothing in your weekly maintenance.

I. Internet Now your computer is almost setup to set sail. Before you start surfing, at all, you should ask yourselves the following questions:
Are you going to be frequenting lots of porn, gambling, wares and cracks sites? [uh....not.]
Are you going to be using instant messaging? [or your kids are? MSN Messenger, AIM, etc]
Are you going to be using P2P software? [peer-to-peer, like in kids downloading music/games]

If the answer is ‘yes’ to any of them, then I recommend you create a Limited account and use it everyday. If the answer is ‘very rarely’, you might not want to lose the comfort of the Administrator privileges. Some programs and games require Administrator privileges to run. In some cases, this can be solved while running a Limited account by right-clicking an application and selecting ‘Run As’. Therefore, in spite of or because of the above, you want to use your Admin account daily, then the best solution is to use Internet browsers and mail clients with limited privileges. DropMyRights http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/dncode/html/secure11152004.asp This program will allow you to create shortcuts for all programs and run them without system privileges. I recommend creating shortcuts for Internet Explorer, Firefox, Outlook Express etc. and using them instead of regular programs, except Windows update. This way, even if you [are infested with] some spyware, you might be able to reduce the volume of the damage.

Do not let applications run as servers unless absolutely needed. Do a thorough research before you let any application be a server. There is no need to let Notepad, Calculator, Wordpad, or even Media Player connect to the Internet. They will function perfectly without access to the Internet. If you desperately want to use P2P, you might want to opt for an application that runs with reduced privileges.

I-1. Internet Explorer I do not recommend tampering too much with Zones settings. Leave the IE as it is. I suggest you only use it for Windows update or badly coded sites that do not support other browsers (like online banking). Create a DropMyRights Internet Explorer shortcut. Run it ONCE and download and install Mozilla Firefox browser. http://www.mozilla.org/products/firefox/ Firefox is a far more advanced browser. It is faster, has tabs and is more secure. From this moment on, you will not need Internet Explorer in 99.9% of cases.

I-2. Harden your Firefox Download anti-spoofing, ad-blocking and JavaScript-blocking extensions for Firefox.
Adblock https://addons.mozilla.org/extensions/moreinfo.php?id=10 This extension will block ads from your screen. Additional filters can be imported from a variety of sites. In fact, on this issue, I am looking forward to feedback from users with more experience with these custom filters than myself.
NoScript https://addons.mozilla.org/extensions/moreinfo.php?id=722&application=firefox
This extension will block all JavaScripts except those you allow.
Spoofstick http://www.corestreet.com/spoofstick/ This extension will let you know what page you are on compared to the URL address shown in the address bar. This extension is also available for IE.

Furthermore, Mozilla Firefox has dozens and dozens of other useful extensions. I warmly recommend trying them. They will greatly customize and improve your Internet privacy and usage. Download Firefox extensions here: https://addons.mozilla.org/

I-3. Harden your web surfing
Download Proxomitron web filter. http://www.proxomitron.info/
This tool can be impregnated with additional filters. The most popular ones are Kye-U, JD5000, Grypen, and Sidki. In my opinion, the average user will find Kye-U or JD5000 filters the most transparent. To set your Proxomitron successfully: Install Proxomitron. Back up old configuration file (simply copy it). Merge the configuration with a new filter set. Save it as the default configuration filter. Set your browser(s) to use Proxomitron as their proxy.

JD5000 and Grypen packs also come with auto-installers. Grypen pack will change the program layout somewhat. Sidki’s pack is a bit trickier to set. This excellent little application will kill ads and remove countless exploits. Proxomitron with Kye-U filter successfully detected and blocked the recently discovered exploits in Firefox, for instance.
Links to Proxomitron filters:
Kye-U http://dhost.info/kyeu/paFileDB/pafiledb.php?action=file&id=57
JD5000 http://www.jd5000.net/
Grypen http://castlecops.com/f183-Grypen_Proxomitron.html
Sidki http://geocities.com/sidki3003/prox.html

There are many other web filters and anonymizers out there. However, I have found Proxo to be the lightest, fastest and easiest to use.

I-4. Mail client I suggest you use Mozilla Thunderbird.
http://www.mozilla.org/products/thunderbird/
Again, it is safer and faster than Outlook Express.
Extensions are available at: https://addons.mozilla.org/
Note: You should set your anti-virus to scan the mails.

I-5. Media players You will probably want to watch video clips and listen to music. You might probably need to download some codecs. WORD OF CAUTION: Be careful when you download codecs! Check with people before downloading just anything. One more thing, there is no need to let any media player access the Internet. If you need codecs, download them manually. No one needs to know what music or video files you are watching.

It’s time to surf. However . . . Before you actually do anything for fun, there are two important updates.
One is the Java update. You can download the latest build here: http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.5.0/download.jsp After a successful download and installation, make sure your java is functioning properly. The test is provided on the product’s site.
The other is to make sure have the latest DirectX, although it most likely has been installed with recent Windows updates. http://www.microsoft.com/windows/directx/default.aspx

Now you can use the Internet. You might probably want to make sure your firewall is function-ing properly. You can [do] a ShieldsUp!! test at Steve Gibson’s site. http://www.grc.com/default.htm

I-6. Surfing – Rules of Engagement GOLDEN RULE: USE YOUR BRAINS. COMMON SENSE. THAT’S 99% SECURITY. If some site offers you a ‘free’ increase in Internet speed, what are you going to do? Click ‘Yes’? Use reason and caution. Things don’t just happen. People happen. If you want to download cracks for pirated software, do not be surprised if your computers dies on you two weeks later. Your computer will be healthy as long as you let it be that way. If you download something of an unknown content, scan it first with your anti-virus and anti-Trojan software. Try to find reviews and check for users’ opinions in reputable forums. Backup your system before installing anything.

I-7. Using the computer Set at least your anti-virus to run overnight checks. If you decide to use Microsoft Anti-Spy-ware, you can also set it to make scheduled scans.

Daily
Before you visit any site or check your mail, update all of your security software. It only takes about 3 minutes. It’s worth it.

Weekly
Check for Windows updates.
Clean your registry and erase temporary files.
Run scans with all your security scanners.

Monthly
Check for Java updates.
Defragment your hard drives.
Defragment the registry.
Add backups of security updates to THE TOOLS disc(s).
Backup your personal files.
You should also clean your registry and / or defragment the hard drives after every major install or uninstall.

J. Microsoft Office If you want to install Microsoft Office on your computer, you should follow some rules:

1. Keep Microsoft Office up to date! It has updates just like the Windows. When you first install the Office, make sure you fully update the product. Likewise, check once in a while for new updates, or use Microsoft Baseline Security Analyzer to check for missing updates (as explained in the Maintenance section).

2. There is no need to allow any of Office products except perhaps Outlook (if you use it) to access the Internet.

3. Remove the Microsoft Assistant from the Startup. [That STUPID paperclip guy!]

K. Other software There are tons of free software. However, I will only mention a few that most users will most probably use in their everyday work.
Acrobat Reader http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/readstep2.html
Foxit PDF reader http://www.foxitsoftware.com/pdf/rd_intro.php
Free PDF writer http://www.primopdf.com/

If you want a free alternative to Microsoft Office, you might want to look up into Open Office: http://www.openoffice.org/

IrfanView is an excellent viewing program. http://www.irfanview.com/

GIMP is a powerful image manipulation program. http://www.gimp.org/

AxCrypt is an encryption program that allows you to keep your files and folders safe, if you want. Just remember that encrypted data will be lost if you forget your passwords. http://axcrypt.sourceforge.net/

L. Special removal tools If you need them, then you have made some serious mistakes along the way. I will only list a single tool here, the HijackThis, which can be used to remove Startup items, for instance, but it is not a novice tool and should not be used lightly!
http://spywarewarrior.com/files/HijackThis.exe

M. Security forums There are thousands of security forums and kajillion sources to read. I will only recommend a few:
http://spywarewarrior.com/index.php [Tabby’s favorite! I also like www.majorgeek.com]
http://wilderssecurity.com/
http://castlecops.com

Start reading. Lots and lots! Although these three sources seem a modest start, these forums contain tons of excellent reading material. If you’re reading this while browsing one of the above sites, then you have already made a very important step!

N. Other sites Just Google! ************************************************************************
Have fun, Mrk
*** End of document ***

RESEARCH CHECKLIST

2005-08-01T15:33:00.000-06:00

RESEARCH CHECKLIST
Make several copies of this list and use them to help research each of your ancestors’ lives, and also to denote your OWN personal history facts. Write in the location, title, call letters, etc., and the ownership of each document as you find your ancestor in it, so someone can use that information to find it easily also.
Name:_________________________________________
Birth___________________________________________
Marriage ______________________________________
Death _________________________________________

Birth Record:____________________________________
Baptism ________________________________________
Bible __________________________________________
Birth Certificate __________________________________
Delayed Birth Certificate___________________________

Death Records:
Death Certificate _________________________________
Mortuary________________________________________
Cemetery _______________________________________
Gravestone _____________________________________
Obituary ________________________________________
Newspaper _____________________________________

Probate Record:
Will ____________________________________________
Inventory list_____________________________________
Estate Sales _____________________________________
Guardianship of minor children _______________________

Military Records:
Branch of service _________________________________
Dates of enlistment ________________________________
Wars fought _____________________________________
Veterans pension _________________________________
Widows pension _________________________________

Marriage & Children:
Marriage certificate ________________________________
School _________________________________________
Adoptions _______________________________________
Orphanage ______________________________________
Court records ____________________________________
Divorce ________________________________________

US Census Record:
1790 __________________________________________
1800 __________________________________________
1810 __________________________________________
1820 __________________________________________
1830 __________________________________________
1840 __________________________________________
1850 __________________________________________
1860 __________________________________________
1870 __________________________________________
1880 __________________________________________
1890 __________________________________________
1900 __________________________________________
1910 __________________________________________
1920 __________________________________________
1930 __________________________________________
(1940)
(1950)
(1960)
(1970)
(1980)
(1900)
(2000)
[1940-2000 census are not yet available to the public but denote if your ancestors or you will appear in any of these; and in what state and county, so your descendants will be able to find you in those census records when they DO become open to the public.

State & County Census Records:_______________________
Mortality Schedule:__________________________________

Land Records:
Deeds & Abstracts ________________________________
Tax lists ________________________________________
Land grants _____________________________________

Miscellaneous Records:
Occupations_____________________________________
Pension records _________________________________
Organizations ___________________________________
Voting records ___________________________________
Passenger lists __________________________________
Immigration _____________________________________
Naturalization ____________________________________
Court records ____________________________________
Newspaper ______________________________________
Church_________________________________________

FIGURING OUT the DATE of OLD PHOTOGRAPHS

2005-08-01T15:29:00.000-06:00

(Website URL for this article is: http://genealogy.about.com/library/authors/ucmishkin1a.htm)

DATING OLD PHOTOGRAPHS
Like any family history search, it's always best to start with what you know. Record everything you know about the picture: who, where, & when you got it, any writing on the back, or previous owners for example. Any tidbit of info you have could be helpful. You might want to create a data sheet to record these facts, along with any future information you gather. Having all your information in one concise location will make it easier for you to reach a conclusion.
Make some copies of the picture, including the back if there's writing on it, and use these as your working copies. Always keep your valuable original safely stored away in an archival container. Send or give these copies to other family members, along with all the data you have, and then pick their brains for any information about the photograph. Do they know any of the people? The occasion? The time period? Location? The photographer? Have they ever seen the picture before? If so, when, where, and with whom? Do they have any opinions about the picture? Other family members may be your best source of information.
Assuming a family member doesn't solve the mystery, here are some techniques for gathering more clues:
1. The type of picture (Daguerreotype, glass plate, tintype, cabinet card, etc. ) and size of the print can at least help give you a range of time that the picture was taken. Visit www.eastman.org for a nice timeline of photographic events. One of the better references is "Care and Identification of 19th Century Photographic Prints" by James M. Reilly. Your library may have this or a similar text you can use. Local photographers may also help you identify the type or the links at the end of this article.
2. If a photographer's name is listed or imprinted on the picture, then you can research this person. Also, the imprint often lists the location, another valuable clue! Look at city directories for the area (found in libraries) or local historical societies to determine when this photographer was in business, addresses, etc. The Eastman.org web site also has some biographies. If there was more than one photographer in town, your mystery ancestor might have gone to the nearest one. So if you know who in your family lived near the photographer, you might be able to deduce the people in the photo.
3. Fashion or clothes can be a clue for time period. What are the subjects wearing? This will take some research, as not many of us are familiar with the fashion trends over time. Look to your library for reference texts. Be careful of wedding dresses though, as the bride might be wearing her mother's dress!
4. Can you tell if the picture is from a special occasion? Like a wedding or baptism. If so, what are the major events in your family that might relate?
5. Finally, look at the picture itself. Are there any "props" that might give a clue? Are the people holding anything that might be time period or occasion related? As with many photos, sometimes the photographer took a picture of something he didn't realize was there at the time. Like a sign in the background, or a car. This is especially useful if the subjects are outside. All these might be clues as to when or where the picture was taken.

Daguerreotypes
Most authorities will agree that the first practical form of photography was encouraged through the experiments and developments (no pun intended) of Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre. Although William Henry Fox Talbot had been working on a process that recorded a negative image, Daguerre was the first to publicize his results and the discovery of the photographic process is attributed to Daguerre. The daguerreotype, popular from 1839-1860, was produced on a metal support of thin copper, with a highly polished mirror-like coating of silver. They are sealed in glass to protect the plate from atmospheric and physical damage. In America, daguerreotypes were most often placed in small hinged cases made of wood with a leather or paper covering. The daguerreotypes distinguishing features are its highly polished silver support and its quality of appearing as a negative, or a positive depending upon the angle of viewing and the direction from which light falls upon it. Due to limitations and difficulties of producing a large plate, daguerreotypes were rarely made any larger than 6 ½ to 8 ½ inches, known as whole-plate size. The most common size produced was sixth-plate size and measured 2 ½ by 3 ¼. It is estimated that by 1853 as many as three million daguerreotypes were made in the United States alone.
***
Another advance in photographic history was the use of gold toning. In this process, the silver image was partially converted to gold by treatment in a solution containing gold chloride. This process was first applied to paper prints in 1847. It changed the image tone on a silver paper from reddish-brown to purple and significantly improved the stability of the silver image. Most prints that are in excellent condition today, are that way because they have been toned.

Ambrotypes
In 1851, Frederick Scott Archer announced his wet plate collodion process. Collodion is celluose nitrate (or cotton) dissolved in ether and alcohol. In order to provide the most sensitive film (fastest), the plate had to be exposed while still wet, hence its name. This system provided a transparent negative and although through other methods this negative image could be made positive (as in the ambrotype), its most significant contribution was the use as a transparent negative. The use of the wet-plate negatives to produce positive images on albumen paper truly altered the course of photography, but the most popular use of this was the ambrotype. By backing the collodion negative with a dark material the image appeared as a positive. In some examples, dark purple, blue or red glass was used as a support, thus eliminating the need for a backing. Ambrotypes were presented in mounts and cases in the same fashion as daguerreotypes and because of this they are commonly mistake for daguerreotypes. It is a simple matter to distinguish between the two since ambrotypes appear as positives at all angles of viewing as opposed to the daguerreotype which is truly visible as a positive only at certain lighting angles. Ambrotypes were most popular from 1851-1880.

Tintypes
The idea of using a thin sheet of iron with a surface coated with a black varnish as a support instead of glass with a dark backing was patented by Hamilton Smith in 1856. This process would be more properly called ferrotype, since there is no tin in it at all. This expensive and easily handled form of photography was a particular favorite of traveling photographers from the time of its introduction in 1854 to as late as the 1930's. They were made in the millions and are very commonly found today. America was the favorite place of production. Early tintypes were cased like daguerreotypes and ambrotypes. It is very difficult to tell an ambrotype from a tintype when it is under glass in a case. Uncased tintypes are readily identified by the thin metallic plate holding the positive image. Occasionally tintypes are found on plates that are brown or red instead of black. Most tintypes were varnished to protect the surface from abrasion and atmospheric attack. They were made in a variety of sizes from the most common format being 2½ x 3½ inches, the same size as the carte de visite paper prints.

Other Lesser Known Processes
The next 40 years in photographic history became experimental with many new processes and techniques being used. Because there were far less of these photographs produced, it is not as necessary to elaborate on these processes as with the more major contributions.

Crayon Portraits
Crayon portraits were made from the 1860's through the turn of the 20th century. A weak photographic image was used as the basis for the extensive handwork with charcoal or pastels. They were usually life sized and were neutral black images on a matte-surfaced paper as the underlying photographic 'sketch.'

Carbon Prints
In 1839 Mungo Ponton discovered a new process based on the light sensitivity of bichromates. When added to gelatin, bichromates render the coating insoluble upon exposure to light. In other words, wherever light touched the coating, that part of the emulsion would not dissolve away. Carbon black was one of the first pigments used, hence the name - carbon prints. Sometimes pigments were chosen for their ability to mimic albumen print image colors. The beauty and durability of carbon prints was undisputed, but they were too time-consuming and difficult to challenge the silver papers.

Platinum Prints (Platinotypes)
A platinum print, or platinotype, consists of finely divided platinum metal and are exceptionally stable. The process came into use around 1880 and was popular until about 1930. These prints have a matte surface; most have a steely-gray image color, although some variations of the process produced browner image hues.

Cyanotypes
The cyanotype, or 'blueprint' process, was another of astronomer Sir John Hershel's contributions to photography. Although the process dates back to the 1840's, it was used rather infrequently until the 1880's. Like the platinotype, the cyanotype has a matte surface and its process is based on the light sensitivity of iron salts. The image stability of cyanotypes is good, though not as stable as the platinotype. Cyanotypes fade when exposed to light, but the lost image density is regained in large measure during storage in the dark. Gelatin and collodion printing-out papers became popular in the mid 1800's, replacing albumen paper as the dominant photographic printing material. These papers were the forerunners of our modern photographic papers. They no longer had to be coated by the photographer and were coated on long continuous rolls with much greater sensitivity to light. These papers offered a wide range of surfaces, image colors and contrasts and their image stability was superior. Sales of slow developing-out papers increased dramatically in the last three or four years of the 19th century, led by an ever-increasing number of amateurs.
WEBsite URL for this article is: http://genealogy.about.com/library/authors/ucmishkin1a.htm
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
ANOTHER WEB-SITE for dating old photographs
http://genealogy.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.familychronicle.com%2Fdating.htm

SPELLING INCONSISTANCIES in OLD DOCUMENTS

2005-08-01T15:26:00.000-06:00

SPELLING INCONSISTANCIES IN OLD DOCUMENTS (Taken from http://www.genealogy.com)
Name and Word Spellings
As you read through older records, you'll often find words and names spelled in a variety of ways, even in the same document. Even in more recent records, you may come across typos & other inadvertent spelling errors. While misspellings of words may only be slightly bothersome, spelling problems related to names can make deciphering records and tracing families difficult for genealogists. Example: Roland Shumate's surname was thought to be German or Dutch, but it turned out to be French: Choaumote. It had been changed when his ancestors came to America in 1700.

Why Do Spelling Inconsistencies Exist?
Name spellings weren't standardized several generations ago, so many people spelled even their own name in a variety of ways. In addition, many people couldn't write, and those who wrote for them when the need arose sometimes had minimal spelling skills and just spelled phonetically, writing down what they heard. More drastic name changes often took place when a family immigrated to the United States. The family may have Americanized its name by dropping syllables or difficult letter combinations, translating their name to English, or changing it completely. Immigration officers often made mistakes or had to guess at more difficult name spellings, doing their best to spell out what they heard. You can find similar problems in census records when the enumerator interviewed newly-arrived immigrants. Finally, spelling mistakes exist simply due to human error. Record-keepers & transcribers aren't any more perfect than the rest of us!

Problems with Pronunciation
All kinds of records were prone to spelling mishaps, including vital records, church records, and the immigration and census records mentioned above. Throughout all of these, the following letters are often confused due to verbal miscommunication: B and P, D and T, F and P, F and V, G and K, J and Y, S and Z, V and B, V and W, and W and R, depending on the accent of the person who was saying the name and the person who was writing it. In addition, C and S could become CH and SH. Also, double letters, such as RR or LL, could turn into a single R or L, and vice-versa. Vowels were prone to change as well. I, IE, EY, and Y were often interchanged and the same happened with O and OE, A and AY, and other similar vowel combinations. E could be added to or dropped off of the end at will (and the same goes for S). Vowels could also be dropped out of the middle of a name, leaving many consonants in a row. These are all letter changes to keep in mind when you are looking for a family name in a record set. Let's take a look at an example.
Current spelling: Grover
Alternate spellings: Grovr, Grober, Groeber, Grower, Krover, Krober, Kroeber, Krower, Crover, Crober, Croeber, Crower.
Try saying all of these different spellings out loud. They all sound fairly similar, and with the right accent they could sound virtually identical. You might want to try the same exercise with some of your family names. The idea is to find new spellings of a surname that sound similar to the current spelling.

Errors Caused by Handwriting
Other types of ancestor-hiding "mistakes" to watch out for have to do with handwriting. Older styles are difficult for us to read today, and there are some styles that were not even taught in schools, but by notaries or others to their helpers. The Secretary hand, the Court hand, the Italic hand -- each had distinct letter forms and abbreviations. In some older handwriting styles, capital L and capital S often were written so similarly that it was difficult to tell the difference between the two. The same is true for capital I and capital J. In addition, rounded lower case letters such as A, O, and U could also appear identical, especially when the A or O was left slightly open at the top or the U was almost closed at the top. One final handwriting problem is the SS. This letter combination was often written as SF, and even a single S was occasionally written as F. Remember, you can run into these types of errors not only when looking at handwritten documents, but also when you are looking at records that have been transcribed from older original documents. When reviewing a record with an unfamiliar hand-writing style, it is important to record all the letters of the alphabet on a sheet of paper and list the variations that you come across. This self-training takes very little time and saves a lot of errors and forgetting.

Just Plain Typos
Here are a few of the more common ones to watch for:
Letter transpositions — "Grover" > "Rgover" or "Smith" > "Simth"
Adjacent keyboard letters —"Grover" > "Grober" or "Smith" > "Wmith"
Dropping a letter — "Grover" > "Grver" or "Smith" > "Smit"
Word spellings most often are just an inconvenience, but changes in name spellings are much more significant. It is important to keep different possible name spellings in mind when you are researching, so that you don't overlook records that might refer to your family.

OCCUPATIONS OF YOUR ANCESTORS

2005-08-01T15:24:00.000-06:00

OCCUPATIONS OF YOUR ANCESTORS (From the web site of Effingham County, Illinois)
Accomptant - accountant
Accoucheur/Accoucheus - one who assisted women in childbirth
Accoutrement maker/accoutre - supplier of military accessories
Ackerman/Acreman - ploughman, an oxherder
Actuary - kept public accounts of business
Aeronaut - balloonist or a trapeze artist in the circus or music halls
Affeeror - tax assessor
Alblastere - crossbow archer
Alderman - city official (usually one position down from mayor)
Alewife - woman tavern keeper
Almoner - giver of charity to the needy
Amanuensis - secretary or stenographer
Apiarian - beekeeper
Apothecary - prepared and sold medicines or drugs; pharmacist
Apprentice - was bound to a skilled worker to learn the trade; 3 grades of skill in the Guild of Crafts [apprentice; journeyman; master]
Archiator - physician
Artificer - a soldier mechanic who does repairs
Assayer - determined the proportions of metal to ore
Aurifaber - goldsmith
Badgy Fiddler - boy trumpeter in the military
Bagman - traveling salesman
Gagniokeeper - in charge of a bath house or brothel
Bailie - bailiff
Barber - also could act as a dentist
Bard - poet
Barker - tanner
Barrister - lawyer; solicitor
Batman - officer's servant in the military
Baxter- baker
Besom Maker - broom maker
Bladesmith - swordmaker or knife maker
Blentonist - water diviner
Bluestocking - a female writer
Boarding Officer - inspected ships before they entered port
Boardwright - carpenter
Boatman - worked on boats primarily on rivers and canals
Boatswain - ship's officer in charge of rigging and sails
Bobby - policeman (probably in England, Canada, or Australia)
Boniface - a keeper of an inn
Boonmaster - surveyor of roads (included maintaining/repairing road)
Botcher - tailor or cobbler
Brazier - one who works with brass
Brewster - beer brewer
Brightsmith - metal worker
Buffalo Soldier - serving in a black regiment in the US Army in the West
Bullwhacker - oxen driver
Bummer - army deserter
Burgonmeister/Burgomaster - mayor
Busker - hair dresser
Butner - button maker
Cafender - carpenter
Cambist - banker
Cartographer - map maker
Cartwright - maker of carts and wagons
Catechista - teacher of religion
Caulker - fills up cracks (in ships or windows) to make them watertight
Chaisemaker - carriage maker
Chandler - dealer or trader; one who makes or sells candles; grocer
Charwoman - cleaning woman
Chiffonnier - wig maker
Chimney Sweep - chimney cleaner
Clacker - magician; astrologer
Clark - clerk
Clicker - the servant of salesman who stood by door to invite customers.
Clod Hopper - plowman
Clogger - maker of wooden shoes
Coalier - maker of charcoal
Cobbler - shoe maker
Cohen - priest
Collier - coal miner
Colporteur - book peddler (and I thought he was a singer)
Confectioner - one who owns a bakery
Cooper - made vessels formed of staves and hoops, casks, barrels, tubs
Cordwainier - shoemaker
Costermonger - peddler of fruits and vegetables
Coxwain - ship or boat helmsman
Crocker - potter
Crofter - tenant of a small piece of land
Cropper - tenant who is paid with a share of the crop
Crowner - coroner
Currier - horse groomer
Daguerreotype Artist - early photographer
Delver - ditch digger
Docker - stevedore, dock worker
Domestic - household servant
Dowser - one who finds water
Dragoon - mounted infantryman
Draper - a dealer in dry goods
Drayman - one who drives a cart without fixed sides for heavy loads
Dresser - surgeon's assistant in a hospital
Drover - cowboy (one who drives cattle to market); cattle dealer
Drummer - traveling salesman
Duffer - peddler
Factor - agent; commission merchant
Farrier - one who shoes horses; blacksmith
Faulkner - falconer
Fell Monger - one who removes hair or wool from hides
Feller - woodcutter
Fletcher - one who made bows and arrows
Fuller - one who cleans and finishes cloth
Gaoler - jailer
Glazier - window glassman
Granger - farmer
Haberdasher - seller of men's clothing
Hacker - maker of hoes
Hatcheler - one who combed out or carded flax
Haymonger - dealer in hay
Hayward - keeper of fences
Higgler - Itinerant peddler
Hillier - roof tiler
Hind - farm laborer
Hobbler - boat tower on a river or canal
Hodsman - mason's assistant
Hoofer - dancer
Hooker - reaper who hooked up rows of cut hay to stack into shocks
[the Civil War brought common use of the term to describe business girls from General Joe Hooker's army who called the camp followers "hooker’s girls"... If your earlier ancestors were listed as a "hooker", they were probably the hay-field type.]
Hooper - one who made hoops for casks and barrels
Hosier - retailer of stockings, socks, gloves, nightcaps
Hosteller - innkeeper
Hostler - groom who takes care of horses at an inn
House Wright - house builder
Huckster - seller of small wares
Husbandman - tenant farmer
Iceman - seller or deliverer of ice
Interfactor - murderer
Jagger - fish peddler
Jobber - a buyer in quantity to sell to others
Joiner/Joyner - carpenter
Journeyman - one who served his apprenticeship, but not yet a Master
Kedger - fisherman
Keeler - bargeman
Kempster - wool comber
Knocknobbler - dog catcher
Knoller - church bell ringer
Lagger - sailor
Lardner - keeper of the cupboard
Laster - shoe maker
Lavender - washerwoman (they used lavender to disinfect laundry)
Lederer - leather maker
Leech - physician (sorry, Brother Watkins....I didn’t make it up)
Longshoreman - stevedore
Lormer - maker of horse gear
Lum Swooper - chimney sweep
Maid - female domestic servant
Malendar - farmer
Maltster - brewer
Manciple - steward
Mango - slave dealer
Mantua maker - dressmaker
Mason - bricklayer; stone cutter
Master - one of three grades of skill recognized by the Guild of Crafts
Midwife - experienced woman who assisted in childbirth
Millner - maker of women's hat
Mintmaster - one who issued local currency
Monger - seller of goods (ale, fish)
Muleskinner - teamster
Muleteer - mule driver
Neatherder - herded cows (Cows = neat, neat’s foot oil is from cows)
Nedeller - needle maker
Noterer - notary
Ordinary Keeper - Innkeeper with fixed prices
Out Crier - auctioneer
Pantler - butler
Pasteler - pastry chef
Pastor - shepherd (Why churches have pastors, the Good Shepard)
Pedascule - schoolmaster
Perambulator - surveyor (also this is an English baby buggy)
Peregrinator - itinerant wanderer
Peruker - wig maker
Pettifogger - a shyster lawyer
Pigman - crockery dealer (Pig is a type of clay used for crockery)
Piker - tramp; vagrant
Piller - thief; robber (Pillaging and plundering)
Pilot - person who steered ships
Plumber - applied sheet lead for roofing/ set lead frames for windows
Poleman - surveyor's assistant (carried the heavy iron poles/rods.)
Ponderator - inspector of weights and measures
Porter - door keeper; gate keeper
Potato Badger - seller of potatoes
Preceptress - school mistress
Prentis - apprentice
Proctor - official of a university
Prothonary - law clerk
Publican - innkeeper
Puddler - wrought iron worker
Puggard - thief
Punky - chimney sweep
Purser - ship's officer in charge of provisions and accounts
Quarrier - quarry worker
Rag Man - collector of old clothes and rags
Ratoner - rat catcher
Reeve - church warden
Registrar - town official who recorded birth, death, marriage, land.
Rigger - hoist tackle worker
Ripper - fish seller
Roper - rope maker or net maker
Rockgetter - rocksalt miner
Rodman - surveyor's assistant
Runner - smuggler
Rustler - cattle thief
Saddler - saddle maker, harness maker
Sawbones - physician
Sawyer - carpenter
Schumacker - shoemaker
Scribe - clerk
Scribler - minor or worthless author
Scrimer - fencing master
Scrivener - professional or public copyist or writer; notary public
Scrutiner- election judge
Searcher - customs official
Sempster - seamstress (sounds better then sewer)
Sexton - in charge of church maintenance; rang bells and/or dug graves
Sharecropper - tenant farmer who would be paid with part of crop
Shearer - removed fleece from sheep
Ship Husband - repairer of ships while they were in harbor
Ship Master - owner (or captain) of a ship
Shrieve - sheriff
Sickleman - harvested crops with a sickle
Skinner - dealer in hides; mule driver
Slater - roofer
Snobscat - one who repaired shoes
Solicitor - lawyer
Sorter - tailor
Spinster - unmarried woman; woman who spun cloth for a living
Spurrer - spur maker
Squire - country gentleman; farm owner; justice of the peace
Stationer - bookseller, seller of paper & writing instruments
Statist - politician
Steeple Jack - cleaned flag poles, church steeples
Stuff Gown/Stuff Gownsman - junior barrister
Supercargo - officer on merchant ship
Sutler - merchant or peddler in an army camp
Tanner - one who cures animal hides
Tailor - one who made or repaired clothes
Tapley - one to puts the tap in an ale cask
Tanner - leather maker
Tasker - reaper
Teamster - one who drives a horse team for hauling
Thatcher - roofer
Thresher - one who separated the grain from the husks and straw
Tide waiter - customs inspector
Tinker - in itinerant tin pot and pan seller; repairman
Tipstaff - policeman
Tobacco Spinner - cigar maker
Town Crier - one who made public announcements in the streets
Tranter - peddler
Travers - toll bridge collector
Tucker - cleaner of cloth goods
Turner - one who turns wood on a lathe into spindles
Turnkey - prison warden or jail keeper
Valet - male servant
Victualler - keeper of a restaurant or tavern; one who provisions an army, navy, or ship with food.
Vintner - wine merchant
Vulcan - blacksmith
Wagoner - teamster not for hire
Wainwright - wagon maker or wagon repairer
Waiter - customs officer
Wakeman - night watchman
Warder - prison guard
Waterman - boatman for hire
Wayman - road surveyor
Weatherspy - astrologer
Webster - operator of looms
Wet Nurse - woman employed to suckle the child of rich woman
Wharfinger - owner of a wharf
Wheelwright - made or repaired wheels for carriages, etc.
Whipperin - managed the hounds in a hunt
Whitesmith - tinsmith (aluminum is a ‘white’ metal)
Whitewing - street sweeper
Whitster - cloth bleacher
Wright - workman (especially a construction worker)
Wyrth - laborer
Yarb - a person who heals with the use of herbs and plants
Yeoman - a farmer who owns his own land

Writing A Family-History Newsletter to Send to Relatives

2005-08-01T15:15:00.000-06:00

Writing A Family-History Newsletter to Send to Relatives (from the MyFamily.com site)
These are the steps: Gather Information, Interview Relatives, Take and Use Videos and Audio, Get & Identify photos, Get documents, Illustrations, Postcards, Get it all organized.

What is the Truth? Fact vs. Fiction Record the family mysteries. But avoid scandals and causing family rifts. Recognize myths and legends. Learn how to write about something back in the early times. Pad information without lying. "Hollywood fiction" vs. facts. Decide what lines you should follow. Quote sources.

Your Ancestors' Lives... Finding out what grandad did in his life - Military? Uniforms, Regimental and Military Museums, Battles, Paintings or illustrations of Battles, Medals, commanders diaries etc, Commonwealth War Memorial Internet site, Internet sites of Interest for Military background, Not to forget Grandma.

Details About Your Ancestor Family Names & Crests; Your Family Occupational records, Apprenticeships, Uniforms, Maps, Photos, Background of ancestral work, ie Thatcher, Blacksmith Cordwainer. Occupational Dress, Signatures, Internet sites of interest, Schools, Land records, Houses, Maps, Ships, Shipping Routes, Church, Events, Tying in events

Putting it All Together, Family Charts, Publish on the Net, Use a Computer Software program, Privacy, copyrights, Decide on format, Edit, Index, Scan, Cost cutting, Marketing, Get a publisher or Doing it Yourself, Get money out of relatives to pay for i.,

What about me?--Looking at your own life story. (Use same ideas as above.)

Family Reunions: Running a reunion, Getting a committee and delegations, Choosing the right theme, Choosing the right place, Entertainment ideas for the little ones, Organizing a memorable program, Plugging and promoting the book and any souvenirs, Sit back and wait for the movie rights.

Creating the Family Newsletter Scope- How Big?, Myfamily.com, Website, or Paper Copy?, Using Computer Programs to Create Your Newsletter, What do I put in it?, Getting Children Involved, How Much and How Often, Do's and Don'ts

This Month's Task

2005-08-01T15:07:00.000-06:00

If you are a Beginner Genealogist, (you know you are a Beginner when you can’t spell genealogy correctly) this month’s Task is to get the birth, marriage and death certificates gathered up for you, your parents and any siblings you have. The cost for copies of these is going up very soon so do it now. You don’t need ‘certified’ copies, which are more expensive, unless you need a copy for some legal thingy-a-ma-bob, but for family history, ‘uncertified’ copies or photocopies of one that someone else has, is OK. Put them in an acid-free manilla folder marked with your parent’s names to hold their information only. Keep it somewhere safe, like a file cabinet marked ‘My Family History.’ That’s also where you hide your chocolate stash.

If you are an Intermediate Genealogist, (you know what a pedigree chart is, a family group sheet, and how to read Census handwriting shortcuts [Chas. is short for Charles, Wm. is short for William] then your Task this month is to get on the Internet, at or www.familysearch.org (or www.ancestry.com if you like paying money), and see what dead people you can find laying around inside your computer. Just play, you will get addicted to talking to other computer users that have the same last names you are looking for and once in awhile you will find one that has pictures of ancestors you want.

If you are an Advanced Genealogist (you can actually SPELL ‘genealogy’ without looking it up) this month’s Task is to take maps and draw out how your ancestors migrated. Start from where you live now, because either you migrated from somewhere else, or you can go up your pedigree chart and find the first person to enter your state (or country). Draw a line to where they came from. Keep going back and up the pedigree and draw more lines to where your ancestors lived before. Eventually, unless you are100% Native American, you will have to cross the ocean and get a map of the "Old Country’ whichever one that is. It’s fun to find the boat that they came over on, Passenger Lists are available at Genealogical libraries. You can use different colors of markers to show the migratory patterns of each ancestor family. Notice how some neighborhoods would pick up and move together to start a new neighborhood in a new state. They always named their town or county after their old one, sometimes that is helpful to trace them, sometimes it is just irritating. There are a million towns named Salem across the country. Salem means "city" in the Bible, Jerusalem is the city of the Jews. Jeru-salem.

NOTES/ NEWS from www.familysearch.org web-site

2005-08-01T15:00:00.000-06:00

NOTES and NEWS from the http://www.familysearch.org web-site

The PEDIGREE RESOURCE FILE contains over 81 million names online. The Pedigree Resource File is a database of records that have been submitted by individuals through FamilySearch Internet Genealogy Service. This online index includes individual records with events, parent information, and submitter information. The COMPACT DISC VERSION (DISCS 1-80) of the Pedigree Resource File contains more family information. This family information is organized in family groups and pedigrees and may include notes and sources. Discs may be purchased in sets which contain five discs and an index; or volumes which contain 25 discs and an index. Each disc has about 1 million names. You can print many types of charts and reports and also export GEDCOM files from the database. (updated: April 9, 2004)

Until now, PERSONAL ANCESTRAL FILE 5.2 AND PERSONAL ANCESTRAL FILE COMPANION 5.1.3 have been sold separately--the first for $6 and the latter for $13.50. Both sets of software are now sold in a combined package containing 2 CDs for just $8.25 (77065). While the PAF 5.2 software is unchanged, the PAF Companion 5.1.5 is an upgrade. The license agreements for both software remain unchanged. (updated: January 27, 2004)

The LDS FAMILY HISTORY LIBRARY CATALOG describes more than 3 million microfilms, microfiche, books, and other items available at the Family History Library and through your local family history center, updated recently, including 1. Catalog data is current and is now updated daily. 2. A new Keyword Search is available, using any combination of surnames, place names, topics, and record types in a single search. 3. Pop-up instructions appear on the first catalog screen when the cursor hovers over a search selection button. These provide guidance in selecting which search to use. 4. The catalog includes records in Chinese, Japanese, Cyrillic, and other non-Roman scripts. 5. The Help panel is closed to provide more viewing room on the screen. To open Help panel, click on Help. (updated: September 5, 2003)

The 1880 U.S. CENSUS INDEX is now linked with digital images of the original census documents; made possible through an agreement between MyFamily.com, Inc. and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The 1880 U.S. Census index and images can be accessed at both www.ancestry.com and www.familysearch.org. Agreement Benefits to Users:
· The 1880 U.S. Census index can be searched for free at both www.ancestry.com and www.familysearch.org.
· The digital images of the original census documents are available at Ancestry.com and from FamilySearch.org.
· Patrons of the Library in Salt Lake City, and any of the 4000+ family history centers worldwide can view the images at no charge.
· Church members who sign on or register as members through FamilySearch.org can also view the images at no charge. Other users through FamilySearch.org can view the images for $9.95, which will give them access for 30 days. (updated: July 31, 2003)

ANCESTRAL FILE NEWS. In the past, individuals have been able to submit their family history information to the Ancestral File by mailing it to the headquarters of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Salt Lake City. New information and corrections to existing information will no longer be accepted for the Ancestral File. Individuals are encouraged to now submit their family history information to the Pedigree Resource File, which is updated regularly online. All information previously submitted to the Ancestral File but not yet published is still on file. The intent is to publish this information at a future date to the extent possible. (updated: February 10, 2003) The ADD A WEB SITE feature of FamilySearch Internet has been discontinued. No new web sites will be accepted or added. For the immediate future, web sites that are already indexed will still be part of searches. (updated: February 10, 2003)

THE UNITED STATES 1880, THE BRITISH 1881, AND THE CANADIAN 1881 CENSUSES can be searched online. The 1880 United States Census is complete. Approximately 50 million individuals are contained in this census. The British Isles census contains 25 million individuals from England, Wales, the Channel Islands, and the Isle of Man. Scottish records are not included. The 1881 Canadian Census contains 4.3 million individuals. (updated: February 10, 2003)

LDS INTERNATIONAL GENEALOGICAL INDEX: Where possible, records in the I.G.I. are now lineage-linked. This allows a user to access and even download a pedigree or family group record from an individual's record. Multiple events, if known, will be displayed in the individual record. Also, the International Genealogical Index will be updated more often. (updated: September 25, 2002)

THE LDS FAMILY HISTORY LIBRARY CATALOG can now be purchased online. This new version of the catalog contains new records acquired through April 2002. This new version of the catalog will allow patrons to use their home computers to identify sources they want to research before visiting the Family History Library or a local Family History Center. The compact disc version of the catalog:
· Describes the Church's collection of family history materials, which consist of over 2.5 million microforms and 300,000 books.
· Adds searches by keyword and title.
· Lets users mark information for easy future retrieval.
· Maintains a history of records reviewed during each search. (updated: July 29, 2002)

FREE DOWNLOAD OF PERSONAL ANCESTRAL FILE 5.2 for Windows release. Features include changes to the individual record to accommodate the wide variety of naming conventions used throughout the world and the ability to type names and places using characters from any language. This version will convert Personal Ancestral File 3.0 and 4.0 data files to its improved file format. However, you can still keep a copy of your original files in Personal Ancestral File 3.0 or 4.0. Other features include the ability to create templates to customize data entry and a new view that lists all individual records in a file. (updated: July 17, 2002)

THE BRITISH ISLES VITAL RECORDS INDEX: SECOND EDITION on compact disc can now be purchased online. This 16-disc resource file includes the Family History Resource File Viewer disc needed to view the information. This set of resource files contains information from birth, christening, and marriage records for approximately 12.3 million people who lived between 1538-1906. Records are from selected parishes in the British Isles, which include England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, and the Isle of Man. This set of compact discs updates and includes the previously released British Isles Vital Record Index resource file. updated: March 26, 2002)

1881 CANADIAN CENSUS on compact disc can now be purchased online. This four-disc resource file includes a viewer disc that allows users to quickly search the database of approximately 4.3 million individuals. The discs contain a transcription of the original 1881 Canadian census, enumerated on 4 April 1881. Information from the following fields was extracted: name, age, gender, location at the time of the census, birthplace, ethnic origin, occupation, religious affiliation, marital status, and notations. The census records enumerate individuals, grouped within households and institutions, for the Provinces of British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, and Quebec, and the Northwest Territories. (The Northwest Territories in 1881 contained the current provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan and parts of historical Manitoba, Quebec, and Ontario, plus the Territory of Yukon and the western part of the Territory of Nunavut.) (updated: March 11, 2002)

VITAL RECORDS INDEX: SCANDINAVIA records can be searched online. This Vital Records Index for Scandinavia contains information from birth, christening, and marriage records from selected localities in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. The Scandinavian church records in this collection contain, in total, approximately 3.6 million birth or christening records and one million marriage records. (updated: October 31, 2001) And the Vital Records Index: Scandinavia on compact disc can now be purchased online. This Vital Records Index for Scandinavia contains information from birth, christening, and marriage records from selected localities in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. The Scandinavian church records in this collection contain, in total, approximately 3.6 million birth or christening records and one million marriage records. (updated: July 16, 2001)

1880 U.S. CENSUS AND NATIONAL INDEX on compact disc can now be purchased online. The 1880 U.S. Census & National Index on CD contains the complete 1880 United States Census plus the National Index. Census Information is shown by household or institution for approximately 50 million individuals. (updated: May 16, 2001)

U.S. SOCIAL SECURITY DEATH INDEX is available online. The Social Security Death Index contains information about persons whose deaths were reported to the Social Security Administration from about 1937 through September 30, 2000. the majority of the death records are from 1962 and later. This file provides birth and death dates and identifies the person's last place of residence and the place the death payment was sent. The Social Security number and the state of residence when the Social Security # was issued are also provided. This index contains approximately 64 million records. (updated: May 14, 2001)

PERSONAL ANCESTRAL FILE COMPANION 5.0 is now added to the PAF program Disc. This software prints quality pedigree charts, family group records, ancestor charts, descendant charts, hourglass charts, fan charts, kinship reports, descendant reports, and narrative reports. It also titles multiple pages to form very large (wall) charts. It has a compare feature that finds individuals in the Pedigree Resource File Master Index who may match those in your Personal Ancestral file. (You must have a copy of the Pedigree Resource File Master Index for this feature.) It will allow you to run Personal Ancestral File without exiting Personal Ancestral File Companion. It can be used with both the MS-DOS 3.0 and Windows 4.0 and 5.0 versions of Personal Ancestral File. (updated: April 6, 2001)

FREEDMAN'S BANK RECORDS is now available on compact disc or at your nearest Family History Center. This searchable database contains over 480,000 names contained in the Freedman's Bank records. The Freedman's Savings and Trust Company was established by Congress on 3 March 1865 as a banking institution in Washington, D.C., for the benefit of freed slaves and former African-American military personnel, commonly called Freedman's Bank. The Registers of Signatures of Depositors in Branches of the Freedman's Savings and Trust Company, 1865-1874 contains the records of 29 branches of the Freedman's Bank. Depositors frequently named nieces, nephews, aunts, uncles, grandparents, in-laws, and sometimes the location of these individuals and whether they were living or dead. Some earlier forms also requested the name of the former slave owner and the plantation where the person lived. Sometimes children and multiple family members opened accounts, providing additional data about a family. (updated: February 26, 2001)

VITAL RECORDS INDEX. This online database contains over 2 million birth, christening, and marriage records from selected localities in Mexico. The years for these events range between the late 1500's to 1905. Vital Records for North America, British Isles, Western Europe, and Middle America - Mexico regions are currently available on compact disc. These regions will eventually be available on FamilySearch Internet. (updated: February 13, 2001)

FORMER NAMES for DISEASES in your ANCESTOR’S DEATH or MEDICAL RECORDS

2005-08-01T14:56:00.000-06:00

FORMER NAMES FOR THE DISEASES IN YOUR ANCESTOR’S DEATH OR MEDICAL RECORDS
Ablepsy - blindness
Abscess - boil
Addison's Disease (a.k.a. bronzed skin disease) - characterized by severe weakness, low blood pressure, bronzed skin coloration.
Ague - a fever, usually malarial, marked by regularly recurring chills.
American Plague - Yellow fever.
Anasarca - dropsy
Anthrax - carbuncle or large painful boil.
Aphonia - laryngitis.
Aphtha - the infant disease "thrush".
Apoplexy - paralysis due to stroke.
Arachnitis - inflammation of membranes in the brain.
Ascetis - liver disease from cirrhosis/cancer; kidney or heart disease.
Atrophy - wasting away or diminishing in size.
Bad Blood - syphilis.
Barber’s Itch - Ringworm of the beard.
Bilious Colic - typhoid; hepatitis; typhus.
Billary Calculis - stones in the gallbladder, or infection or rupture.
Billous Fever - a fever caused by a disorder of the liver.
Black Plague - bubonic plague.
Black Fever - acute infection with high temperature and dark red skin lesions & high mortality rate.
Bladder in Throat - diptheria.
Bone Shave - Sciatica
Brain Fever - probably a meningitis, perhaps polio or an encephalitis.
Breakbone - Dengue fever.
Bright's Disease - kidney inflammation.
Bronze John - Yellow fever.
Bronzed Skin Disease - See Addison's Disease.
Cachexy - malnutrition.
Caduceus - falling sickness or epilepsy.
Camp Fever - typhus
Cancer - malignant growth, carcinoma.
Canine Madness - rabies, hydrophia.
Canker - a mouth infection with gangrene. Or misspelling of cancer.
Catalepsy - seizures; trances
Cerebritis - inflammation of cerebrum or lead poisoning.
Cerebrospinala Fever - See Meningitis
Chilblains - Painful sore or swelling of the foot or hand caused by exposure to the cold.
Child Bed Fever - infection following the birth of a child.
Chin Cough - Whooping Cough.
Cholelithiasis - Gall stones.
Cholera - any of several intestinal diseases, but mainly an acute, severe, infectious disease characterized by profuse diarrhea, intestinal pain and dehydration.
Chorea - Saint Vitus' Dance. (Now called Huntington’s)
Clap - Gonorrhea.
Commotion - concussion
Consumption - see Tuberculosis. A.K.A. marasmus; phthisis.
Corruption - infection.
Costiveness - constipation.
Cramp Colic - appendicitis.
Crusted Tetter - Impetigo.
Cystitis - inflammation of the bladder.
Decrepitude - feebleness due to old age.
Dementia Paralytica - term for the advanced stage of syphilis.
Dengue - infectious fever from East Africa.
Diptheria - an acute infectious disease caused by a bacterium and characterized by weakness, high fever & formation in the air passages of a tough, membrane-like obstruction to breathing.
Dock Fever - Yellow Fever.
Dropsy - an accumulation of fluid in the body, heart/kidney disease.
Dysentery - any of various intestinal inflammations characterized by abdominal pain and intense diarrhea w/bloody, mucous feces.
Dyspepsia - any disorder of the stomach of intestine, usually over a long time. May have been ruptured ulcer, colitis, cancer....
Elephantiasis - form of leprosy.
Encephalitis - swelling of the brain; a.k.a. sleeping sickness.
Enteric Fever - Typhoid fever.
Epilepsy - a disorder of the nervous system causing convulsions.
Epitaxis - nose bleed.
Erisipelas/Erysipelas (a.k.a. Rose, Saint Anthony's Fire) - an acute infectious disease of the skin or mucous membranes caused by a streptococcus & characterized by local inflammation & fever.
Falling Sickness - Epilepsy.
Flu - See Influenza
Flux, Interries, Summer Complaint - These all represent diarrhea, perhaps dysentery, typhoid, cholera or food poisoning. Summer complaint was usually used for children, especially their second summer. Interries is probably enteritis.
French Pox - Syphilis.
Furuncle - boil.
Gangrene - death and decay of tissue in a part of the body.
Gastro Enteritis - an intestinal upset. Perhaps typhoid, dysentery, or cholera. Possibly a ruptured stomach ulcer, colitis, cancer.
Glanders - a contagious disease of horses, mules, etc. characterized by fever, swelling of glands beneath the lower jaw, inflamma-tion of the nasal mucous membranes, etc. Transmitted to man and certain other animals.
Glandular Fever - mononucleosis.
Gleet - Urinary tract disease.
Gravel - Kidney or bladder stones.
Great Pox - Syphilis.
Green Sickness - anemia.
Grippe - Influenza
Grocer's Itch - skin disease caused by mites in sugar or flour.
Hemiplegy - paralysis of one side of the body.
Hip Gout - Osteomylitis.
Hives - skin eruption with severe itching.
Hospital Fever - Typhus.
Hunt Fever - strep throat
Hydrophobia - rabies.
Icterus - jaundice.
Impetigo - contagious skin disease characteized by pustules.
Infantile Paralysis - polio.
Influenza - an acute, contagious, infectious disease caused by any of a specific group of viruses and characterized by inflammation of respiratory tract, fever and muscular pain. (Also called ‘flu’)
Intermittent Fever - a fever characterized by periodic intervals when the body temperature returns to normal.
Jail Fever - typhus
Jaundice - Yellow discoloration of the skin, whites of the eyes, and mucous membranes.
Kings Evil - Scrofula.
Kruchhusten - whooping cough.
Lagrippe - influenza.
Lockjaw - tetanus.
Lues Disease - Syphilis.
Lues venera - venereal disease.
Lumbago - back pain.
Lung Fever - pneumonia
Lung Sickness - Tuberculosis.
Malaria - this was once thought to be from exposure to bad air in swamps. It is an infectious disease, generally intermittent and recurrent, caused by any of various parasitic protozoans in the red blood corpuscles and transmitted to man by the bite of an infected mosquito. It is characterized by severe chills and fever.
Mania - Insanity.
Marasma, Marrasmus, Inanetion - an extreme malnutrition or severe wasting, especially of children. Often due to diarrhea, vomiting and chronic disease or starvation.
Marasmus - consumption; tuberculosis.
Measles - A highly infectious, communicable virus disease; small red spots on the skin, high fever, nasal discharge, etc. occurring most frequently in childhood.
Membranous Croup - Diptheria.
Meningitis - An inflammation of the lining of the brain and spinal column and is the result of infection from bacteria or viruses.
Metritis - a severe infection of the uterus, with purulent discharge.
Miasma - Poisonous vapors thought to infect air.
Milk Fever - Disease from drinking contaminated milk.
Milk Sickness - a rare disease, caused by consuming dairy products or flesh from cattle that have eaten any of various poisonous weeds. For some reason, this seems to have been linked to nursing mothers that died.
Mormal - gangrene.
Morphew - scurvy
Myelitis - inflammation of the spine.
Necrosis - motificatin of bones or tissue.
Nephrosis - kidney degeneration.
Nepritis - inflammation of the kidneys.
Neuralgia - a disease of the nerves. May have been a meningitis, brain tumor, polio, epilepsy.
Nostalgia - homesickness.
Opthalmia - a severe inflammation of the eyeball or conjunctiva.
Palsy - Uncontrolled movement of muscles.
Paristhmitis - quinsey.
Paroxysm - convulsions.
Pellagra - disease caused by eating spoiled corn.
Pertussis - whooping cough
Phthisis - Tuberculosis; marasmus.
Phthisis Pulmoniasis - lung consumption
Phthiriasis - lice infestation.
Plague/Black Death - Bubonic plague.
Pleurisy - inflammation of the lining of the chest cavity.
Pneumonia - inflammation of the lungs.
Podagra - gout.
Poliomyelitis - polio.
Potts Disease - Tuberculosis of the spinal vertebrae.
Pox - syphilis.
Puerpural Convulsions - Toxemia of pregnancy with hypertension, edema, etc. Convulsions are frequent.
Puerperal Exhaustion - death due to childbirth.
Puerpural Fever - infection associated with childbirth; sepsis some-times occurring during childbirth.
Puking Fever - milk sickness.
Putrid Fever - typhus.
Pyemia - Blood poisoning.
Pyrexia - dysentery.
Quinsing - probably QUINSEY, an abscess of the throat; tonsillitis.
Remitting Fever - Malaria.
Rheumatism - pain in joints.
Rickets - disease of skeletal system.
Rose Cold - Hay fever; allergies.
Roseola - false measles.
Rubeola - German measles.
Scallue, Scroffula - a tuberculosis, especially of the glands, but often spreading to the rest of the body.
Scarlet Fever - a highly contagious disease, especially of children. Characterized by sore throat, fever and a scarlet rash.
Sciatica - rheumatism in the hips.
Scirrhus - cancerous tumors.
Scrivener's palsy - writer's cramp.
Screws - Rheumatism.
Scrofula - tuberculosis of the lymphastic glands especially in neck.
Scrumpox - impetigo
Scurvy - lack of vitamin C.
Septicemia - blood poisoning
Shakes - delirium tremens.
Shingles - viral disease with skin blisters.
Ship Fever - typhus.
Sloes - milk sickness.
St. Anthony's Fire - also known as Erisipelas/Erysipelas - an acute infectious disease of the skin or mucous membranes caused by a streptococcus and characterized by local inflammation / fever.
Smallpox - a highly contagious viral disease characterized by prolonged fever, vomiting, and eruptions on the skin that often left pitted scars (or pockmarks) when healed.
Spanish Influenza - epidemic influenza.
Spasms - sudden involuntary contraction of muscles; convulsion.
Spina Bifida - deformity of spine.
Spotted Fever - Typhus or meningitis.
St. Vitas' Dance - ceaseless occurrence of involuntary rapid jerking movements. (Huntington’s)
Strangers' Fever - yellow fever.
Strangery - rupture.
Swamp Fever - malaria
Tertian Fever - occurring every 2nd or 3rd day, applied to fever or a disease causing it, especially certain forms of malaria.
Tetanus - lockjaw.
Thrombosis - blood clot inside blood vessel.
Tick Fever - Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
Trench Mouth - painful ulcers on gums.
Tuberculosis - an infectious disease characterized by the formation of tubercles in body tissues, especially lungs. Also consumption.
Tussis Convulsive - Whooping Cough.
Typhoid - a highly infectious disease acquired by ingesting food or water contaminated by excreta. Formerly considered a form of typhus with fever, intestinal disorders, etc.
Typhus - acute infection disease transmitted by lice and fleas.
Variola - smallpox
Winter Fever - probably influenza, pneumonia.
Womb Fever - infection of the uterus.
Yellow Fever - a highly infectious disease caused by virus transmitted by yellow-fever mosquito. It is characterized by fever, jaundice, vomiting, etc. Also called Yellow Jacket.
I picked this up on the net somewhere, sorry I can't remember the original poster. Tabby

HISTORY of the WORLD TIME-LINE from 1900 A.D. to 2001 A.D.

2005-08-01T14:47:00.000-06:00

HISTORY of the WORLD TIME-LINE from 1900 A.D. to 2001 A.D.
The information on this chart was gathered by IllinoyGenealy@aol.com
Twentieth Century came and went, and we died and continued to pay our taxes...
1900 Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal completed. = ILGenWeb
1900 Twelfth federal census taken for the United States. It is available in Soundex as well as copies of original records. All persons in each household are listed by name. All dwellings in each census district were given a number. Each family was also assigned an identification number. Each census sheet lists the county as well as town or township. Many new questions were asked this census year. = Census
1900 Population. In 1870 and 1880 Illinois was fourth among the states of the United States in population; but in 1890, in 1900, and in 1910, its rank was third, the figures for the last three years named being respectively 3,826,351, 4,821,550, and 5,638,591. The increase from 1880 to 1890 was 243%; from 1890 to 1900, 26%. Of the population in 1900, 98.2% was white, 79.9% was native-born, and 51.2% was of foreign parentage (either one or both parents foreign-born). The principal foreign element was German, the Teutonic immigration being especially large in the decade ending in 1860; the immigrants from the United Kingdom were second in importance, those from the Scandinavian countries third, and those from southern Europe fourth. The urban population, on the basis of places having 4000 inhabitants or more, was 51 % of the total; indeed the population of Cook county, in which the city of Chicago is situated, was two-fifths of the total population of the state; during the decade of the Civil War (1860-1870) the population of the state increased only 48.4%, and that of Cook county about 140%, while from 1870 to 1900 the increase of all counties, excluding Cook, was about 36%, the increase in Chicago was about 468%. Of the 930 incorporated cities, towns and villages, 614 had less than 1000 inhabitants, 27 more than 5000 and less than 10,000, 14 more than 10,000 and less than 20,000, 4 more than 20,000 and less than 25,000, and 7 more than 25,000. These seven were Chicago (1,698,575), the second city in population in the United States, Peoria (56,100), Quincy (36,252), Springfield (34,159), Rockford (31,051), East St Louis (29,655), and Joliet (29,353).
The populations in other census years were: (1810), 12,282; (1820), 55,211; (1830), 157,445; (1840), 476,183; (I850), 851,470; (1860), 1,711,951: (1870), 2,539,891; (1880), 3,077,871. = 1911 Encyclopedia Brit
1900 The employment of children under 14 years of age in factories or mines, and working employees under 16 years of age for more than 60 hours a week, are forbidden by statute. The state has an excellent " Juvenile Court Law," which came into force on the 1st of July 1899 and has done much good, especially in Chicago. The law recognized that a child should not be treated like a mature malefactor, and provided that there should be no criminal procedure, that the child should not be imprisoned or prosecuted, that his interests should be protected by a probation officer, that he should be discharged unless found dependent, delinquent or truant, and in such case that he should be turned over to the care of an approved individual or charitable society. This law applies to counties having a minimum population of 500,000. = 1911 Encyclopedia Brit
1900 Industry and Commerce.-The fertility of the soil, the mineral wealth and the transportation facilities have given Illinois a vast economic development. In 1900 more than seven-tenths of the inhabitants in gainful occupations were engaged in agriculture (25.6%), ‘manufactures and mechanical pursuits (26.7%), and trade and transportation (22%).The growth of manufacturing in Illinois during the last half of the 19th century, due largely to the development of her exceptional transportation facilities, was the most rapid and remarkable in the industrial history of the United States. In 1850 the state ranked fifteenth, in 1860 eighth, in 1870 sixth, in 1880 fourth, in 1890 and again in 1900 third, in the value of its manufactures. = 1911 Encyclopedia Brit
1900 Boxer Rebellion in China begins. The Niger Coast Protectorate's name is changed to the Protectorate of South Nigeria, and the same year the Proctorate of North Nigeria is formed. Between 1900 and 1914 Germany triples it's spending on warships to become the second strongest naval power. between the same time Russia almost doubles it's spending on the army. During the 1900s Venezuela and the Domininian Republic default on loans from Britain, Germany, and Italy. When the European countries retaliate President Roosevelt invokes the Monroe Doctrine. = Christy's
1900 Hurricane ravages Galveston, Tex.; 6,000-8,000 dead. Fauvist movement in painting begins, led by Henri Matisse . Sigmund Freud 's The Interpretation of Dreams. Carrie Chapman Catt succeeds Susan B. Anthony as president of National Woman Suffrage Association. = Kid Info
1900 The German-speaking population of the empire amounted to 51,883,131. Of the inhabitants speaking other languages there were: Polish, 3,086,489; French (mostly in Lorraine), 211,679; Masuran, 142,049; Danish, 141,061; Lithuanian, 106,305; Cassubian, 100,213; Wendish, 93,032; Dutch, 80,36,; Italian, 65,961; Moravian, 64,382; Czech, 43,016; Frisian, 20,677; English, 20,217; Walloon, 11,841. In 1905 there were resident within the empire 1,028,560 subjects of foreign states, as compared with 778,698 in 1900. Of these 17,293 were subjects of Great Britain and Ireland, 17,184 of the United States of America and 20,584 of France. The bulk of the other foreigners residing in the country belonged to countries lying contiguous, such as Austria, which claimed nearly the half, Russia and Italy. = 1911 Encyclopedia Brit
1900 According to the census of the 1st of December 1900 there were 51,634,757 persons speaking commonly one language and 248,374 speaking two languages. In the kingdom of Saxony, according to the census of 1900, there were 48,000 Wends, mostly in Lusatia. With respect to Alsace-Lorraine, detailed estimates (but no census) gave the number of French in the territory of Lorraine at about f 70,000, and in that of Alsace at about 46,000. The Poles have increased very much, owing to a greater surplus of births than in the case of the German people in the eastern provinces of Prussia, to immigration from Russia, and to the Polonization of many Germans through clerical and other influences (see History). The Poles are in the majority in upper Silesia (Government district of Oppeln; 55 %) and the province of Posen (60 %). They are numerous in West Prussia (34%) and East Prussia (14 %). The Wends are decreasing in number, as are also the Lithuanians on the eastern border of East Prussia, Czechs are only found in Silesia on the confines of Bohemia. Russians flocked to Germany in thousands after the Russo-Japanese War and the insurrections in Russia, and the figures given for 1900 had been doubled in 1907. Males preponderate among the various nationalities, with the exception of the British, the larger proportion of whom are females either in domestic service or engaged in tuition.
Chief Towns.-According to the results of the census of the 1st of December 1905 there were within the empire 41 towns with populations exceeding 100,000, viZ.
State. Population.
Berlin Prussia 2,040,148
Hamburg Hamburg 802,793
Munich Bavaria 538,393
Dresden Saxony 5 16,996
Leipzig ,, 502,570
Breslau Prussia 470,751
Cologne ,, 428,503
Frankfort-on-Main ,, 334,951
Nuremberg . . - - Bavaria 294,344
Düsseldorf Prussia 253,099
Hanover ,, 250,032
Stuttgart WUrttemberg 249,443
Chemnitz Saxony 244,405
Magdeburg - - - - Prussia 240,661
Charlottenburg - . ,, 239,512
Essen ,, 231,396
Stettin ,, 224,078
Konigsberg . . . - ,, 219,862
Bremen Bremen 214,953
Duisburg Prussia 192,227
Dortmund . . . - ,, ‘75,575
Halle ,, 169,899
Altona ,, I68,30I
Strassburg . . . - Alsace-Lorraine 167,342
Kiel Prussia 163,710
Elberfeld ,, 162,682
Mannhei,n . . . - Baden 162,607
Danzig Prussia 159,685
Barmen ,, 156,148
Rixdorf ,, , 153,650
Gelsenkirchen . . ,, 147,037
Aix-la-Chapelle - . ,, 143,906
Schoneberg ,, , 140,992
Brunswick . . . - Brunswick - 136,423
Posen Prussia 137,067
Cassel ,, 120,446
Bochum - ,, 118,455
Karisruhe Baden 111,200
Crefeld Prussia 110,347
Plauen Saxony 105,182
Wiesbaden - . . - Prussia 100,953 = 1911 Encyclopedia Brit
1900 Emigration.--There have been great oscillations in the actual emigration by sea. It first exceeded 100,000 soon after the FrancoGerman War (1872, 126,000), and this occurred again in the years 1880 to 1892. Germany lost during these thirteen years more than 1,700,000 inhabitants by emigration. The total number of those who sailed for the United States from 1820 to 1900 may be estimated at more than 4,500000. The number of German emigrants to Brazil between 1870 and 1900 was about 52,000. The greater number of the more recent emigrants was from the agricultural provinces of northern Germany-West Prussia, Posen, Pomerania, Mecklenburg, Schleswiz-Holstein and Hanover, and sometimes the emigration reached (1 °,~) of the total population of these provinces. In subsequent years the emigration of native Germans greatly decreased and, in 1905, amounted only to 28,075. But, to this number must be added 284,787 foreigners who in that year were shipped from German ports (notably Hamburg and Bremen) to distant parts. Of the above given numbers of purely German emigrants 26,007 sailed for the United States of America; 243 to Canada; 333 to Brazil; 674 to the Argentine Republic; 7 to other parts of America; 57 to Africa; and 84 to Australia. = 1911 Encyclopedia Brit
1900 Sixty post offices in Bukovina equipped with telegraph.= Bukovina
1900 Carry Nation, Kansas anti-saloon agitator, began raiding with a hatchet. WorldAlman
1900 Zeppelin invents rigid airship in Germany. WallChartB
1901-1910 Edward VII King of England = Christianity
1901 American Standard Version, recension of the RV, included words/phrases preferred by Americans, follows Greek order of words = Christianity
1901 Pentecostal Church formed in Topeka, Kansas in reaction to loss of evangelical fervor among Methodists and other denominations = Christianity
1901 Ferdinand von Zeppelin builds the first successful dirigible. British Queen Victoria dies. Edward VII of Great Britain is crowned. = Christy's
1901 A Japanese chemist invented instant coffee. (Levetin & McMahon, 1996) = PlantTrivia
1901 Iowans Charles Hatt and Charles Parr built the first gasoline powered tractor. (Fussell, 1992) = PlantTrivia
1901 The National German-American Alliance founded = German American
1901 National census= Canada
Incorporation of Kootenay Central Railway Company= Canada
Incorporation of Kettle River Valley Railway Company= Canada
1901 Queen Victoria dies, and is succeeded by her son, Edward VII . As President McKinley begins second term, he is shot fatally by anarchist Leon Czolgosz. Theodore Roosevelt sworn in as successor. = Kid Info
10Jan1901 Texas had its first significant oil strike, near Beaumont. WorldAlman
06Sep1901 President William McKinley shot by an anarchist, Leon Czolgosz. WorldAlman
14Sep1901 President William McKinley died. WorldAlman
1902 Richard Weymouth NT, a careful literary translation = Christianity
1902 First Rose Bowl. Trans-Pacific telephone cable connects Canada and Australia. The United States withdraws its troops from Cuba on the condition that Cuba accepts the "Platt Amendment" giving US the right to intervene in Cuban affairs. = Christy's
1902-7 Widespread strikes = Tour Italy
1902 Enrico Caruso 's first gramophone recording. Aswan Dam completed. = Kid Info
1902 Dominion of Canada Schedule of all Indian Reserves published= Canada
1903-1914 Pope Pius X, most recent Pope to be canonized = Christianity
1903 Wright brothers make first flight at Kitty Hawk. The US supports an uprising in Panama against Colombian rule so that the new government will allow the building of the Panama canal. Henry Ford founds the Ford Motor company. The Trans-Siberian railroad reaches the Pacific Ocean. = Christy's
1903 Wright brothers , Orville and Wilbur, fly first powered, controlled, heavier-than-air plane at Kitty Hawk, N.C. Henry Ford organizes Ford Motor Company. The Boston Red Sox win the first World Series against the Pittsburgh Pirates. W. E. B. Du Bois publishes The Souls of Black Folk. = Kid Info
1903 Incorporation of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway= Canada
Alaskan boundary dispute and award= Canada
1903 Based on their model constructed in 1901, C. W. Hart and C. H. Parr of Iowa City, Iowa, established the first company dedicated exclusively to manufacturing gasoline powered tractors. In 1906 they began calling their machines tractors. By 1950 there were more tractors than horses on American farms. [See 1892] (Rasmussen, 1960) = PlantTrivia
23May1903 First automobile trip across the US from San Francisco to New York ended 01Aug. WorldAlman
17Dec1903 1st successful flight in heavier-than-air mechanically propelled airplane by Orville Wright near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, 120 ft in 20 seconds. 4th flight same day by Wilbur Wright, 852 ft in 59 seconds. WorldAlman
1904 Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905). Roosevelt adds the Roosevelt Corollary to the ~Monroe Doctrine making the US a sort of "international police power." This power is exercised continually over the next twenty years. A telephone answering machine is invented. The comic book is invented. Helen Keller graduates from Radcliffe College. The strength and endurance of rubber is increased with the discovery that adding black carbon will slow oxidization. Revolution in Uruguay. Anton Chekhov's play "The Cherry Orchard"opens in Moscow. = Christy's
1904 Russo-Japanese War begins-competition for Korea and Manchuria. Entente Cordiale: Britain and France settle their international differences. General theory of radioactivity by Rutherford and Soddy. New York City subway opens. = Kid Info
1904 American companies buy up timber licences in southern interior and coast (to 1911)= Canada
St. Louis World’s Fair. Indian people from BC participate= Canada
1904 St. Louis Germans bring the "hamburger" on the market = German American
1904 Iced tea was invented at the St. Louis World’s Fair by an enterprising British salesman who realized that fair goers were not attracted to hot tea in summer weather. (Simpson, 1989) = PlantTrivia
1905 Revolution breaks out in Russia after Bloody Sunday. Arthor Griffith founds the Sinn Fein political movement pushing for Irish independence. Albert Einstein suggests abandoning the idea of absolute time. = Christy's
1905 In Russo-Japanese War , Port Arthur surrenders to Japanese; Russia suffers other defeats. President Roosevelt mediates Treaty of Portsmouth, N.H., which recognizes Japan's control of Korea and restores southern Manchuria to China. The Russian Revolution of 1905 begins on "Bloody Sunday" when troops fire onto a defenseless group of demonstrators in St. Petersburg. Strikes and riots follow. Sailors on battleship Potemkin mutiny; reforms, including first Duma (parliament), established by Czar Nicholas II 's "October Manifesto." Albert Einstein 's special theory of relativity and other key theories in physics. Franz Lehar 's Merry Widow. = Kid Info
1905 National Theater opened in Czernowitz.= Bukovina
1905 Province of Alberta formed= Canada
1906 The Moslem League was organized in India to help keep Moslem rights. The Russian Duma is elected, only to be dissolved. Iran got it's first constitution. The San Francisco earth quake and fire. Finnish women win the right to vote. Britian takes over rule of Nigeria. = Christy's
1906 San Francisco earthquake and three-day fire; more than 500 dead. Roald Amundsen , Norwegian explorer, fixes magnetic North Pole. = Kid Info
18Apr1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire left 350 dead, $350,000,000 damages. WorldAlman
22May1906 Improved plane patented. WorldAlman
1907 A second Russian Duma is elected and dissolved. Russia, Great Britain and France sign a defense pact because of their fear Germany... the triple entente is formed. The Anglo-Russian Entente divides Iran between Britian and Russia. Pope Pius X recognizes validity of civil marriages. = Christy's
1907 Second Hague Peace Conference , of 46 nations, adopts 10 conventions on rules of war. Financial panic of 1907 in U.S. Mahler begins work on "Song of the Earth." Oklahoma becomes 46th state. Picasso's Les Demoiselles d'Avignon introduces cubism. = Kid Info
1907 Economic recession= Canada
Automobiles begin to be used in BC= Canada
First Vancouver, Victoria and Eastern Railway train reaches Keremeos= Canada
Korn invents facsimile machine (fax) in Germany. WallChartB
1907 Joel Cheek began building his Nashville, TN-based coffee roasting empire based on his own blend, one he promoted through Nashville’s Maxwell House (a fine hotel) in 1892. Within a few years a second roasting facility had been opened in Houston, TX. By the time Theodore Roosevelt visited Nashville in 1907, the Maxwell House brand had established strong presence in the Southeast. On draining a cup of this coffee, Roosevelt is reported as saying: "Good. Good to the last drop." (Pendergrast, 1999) = PlantTrivia
13Mar1907 Financial panic and depression started. WorldAlman
16Nov1907 46th state admitted into the union, Oklahoma Nov. 16, 1907; having been settled by 1889 =infoplease
1908 Austria-Hungary used power given to it at the Berlin Conference to annex Bosnia and Herzegovina. Oil was discovered in southwestern Iran. Henry Ford develops the assembly line method of producing automobiles. Gideon Sundback invents the zipper. = Christy's
1908 Canada-US border begins to be monitored by federal officials= Canada
1908 Earthquake kills 150,000 in southern Italy and Sicily. U.S. Supreme Court, in Danbury Hatters' case , outlaws secondary union boycotts. Model T produced by Ford Motor Company. = Kid Info
1908 New York tea importer Thomas Sullivan introduced the tea bag as a means of marketing samples. (Pratt, 1982) By 1934, 8 million yards of gauze were used annually to be sewn as tea bags. (Simpson, 1989) = PlantTrivia
01Oct1908 Henry Ford introduced Model T car, priced at $850. WorldAlman
1909 US troops land in Bluefields Nicaragua and President Taft declares support for the Nicaraguan revolutionaries. Nicaraguan president Jose Zelaya resigns but guerrilla warfare continues. = Christy's
1909 North Pole reportedly reached by American explorers Robert E. Peary and Matthew Henson. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People is founded in New York by prominent black and white intellectuals and led by W. E. B. Du Bois . = Kid Info
1910-1936 George V King of England = Christianity
1910 5-point statement of the Presbyterian General Assembly, also used by Fundamentalists = Christianity
1910-1915 The Fundamentals, a 12-volume collection of essays by 64 British and American scholars and preachers, a foundation of Fundamentalism = Christianity
1910 Thirteenth federal census taken for the United States. It is available in the Soundex as well as copies of original records. All persons in each household are listed by name. All dwellings in each census district were given a number. Each family was also assigned an identification number. Each census sheet lists the county as well as town or township. Living Civil War veterans are identified = Census
1910 In this year, an estimated 2.3 million German-born immigrants lived in the United States. With declining immigration and increasing assimilation, the number of German-language publications fell to about 550. = GermansInAm
1910 A chemist with the Corn Products Refining Company (now Corn Products Company International) discovered a process that would allow the refining of corn oil for cooking, thus giving rise to the product Mazola. (Fussell, 1992) = PlantTrivia
1910 In a total US labor force of 38,167,000, the agricultural labor force constituted 2.5%, or 12,388,000 people. In 1970, the US labor force had risen to 83,049,000 while the portion reportable to agriculture had dropped to 3.4%, or 2,750,000. This change is accountable to introduction of labor-saving devices, such as the tractor. (Williams, 1987) = PlantTrivia
1910 German-Americans developed 672,000 farms on a total area of 100,000,000 acres (an estimate) = German American
1910 Mexican Revolution begins. Tolstoy dies. George V of Great Britain is crowned. Approximate start of the large scale coffee growing in Kenya . = Christy's
1910 Boy Scouts of America incorporated. Angel Island, in San Francisco Bay, becomes immigration center for Asians entering U.S. = Kid Info
08Feb1910 Boy Scouts of America founded. WorldAlman
1911 Manchu dynasty in China is overthrown. Conflict develops in Morocco between the France and Germany. Russian Premier Peter Stolypin is murdered. Grigori Raspute gains influence over the Russian royal family. Denmark abolishes corporal punishment. = Christy's
1911 A two year famine began in Russia. While people starved and died, the country continued exporting a fifth of its annual grain production (which constituted about 25% of world trade). (Ponting, 1991) = PlantTrivia
1911-12 Conquest of Libya = Tour Italy
1911 First use of aircraft as offensive weapon in Turkish-Italian War. Italy defeats Turks and annexes Tripoli and Libya. Chinese Republic proclaimed after revolution overthrows Manchu dynasty. Sun Yat-sen named president. Mexican Revolution: Porfirio Diaz , president since 1877, replaced by Francisco Madero . Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire in New York; 146 killed. Amundsen reaches South Pole. Ernest Rutherford discovers the structure of the atom. Richard Strauss 's Der Rosenkavalier. Irving Berlin 's Alexander's Ragtime Band. = Kid Info
17Sep1911 First transcontinental airplane flight (with numerous stops) by C P Rodgers, New York to Pasadena ends 05Nov time in air 82 hrs, 4 min. WorldAlman
1912 Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece attack the Ottoman Empire in the 1st Balkan War, resulting in, among other things, the creation of the nation of Albania. The Titanic sinks. For the first time mail is carried by airplane. A large Hindu immigrant population is expelled from the US West Coast by anti-Indian racial riots. Republic of China established with Sun Yat-sen as the president. = Christy's
1912 Balkan Wars (1912-1913) resulting from territorial disputes: Turkey defeated by alliance of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, and Montenegro; London peace treaty (1913) partitions most of European Turkey among the victors. In second war (1913), Bulgaria attacks Serbia and Greece and is defeated after Romania intervenes and Turks recapture Adrianople. Titanic sinks on maiden voyage; over 1,500 drown. New Mexico and Arizona admitted as states. = Kid Info
1912 Economic depression in BC= Canada
Province begins selling timber by auction (rights retained by the provincial crown)= Canada
1912 Ballod calculated that a US standard of life would support 2.333 billion people on Earth, a German standard would allow 5.6 billion, and a Japanese standard could underwrite 22.4 billion people. (Cohen, 1995) = PlantTrivia
1912 Tokyo gave cherry trees to be planted in Washington, DC. (Camp, Boswell, & Magness, 1957) = PlantTrivia
06Jan1912 47th state admitted into the union, New Mexico Jan. 6, 1912; having been settled by 1610 =infoplease
14Feb1912 48th state admitted into the union, Arizona Feb. 14, 1912; having been settled by 1776 =infoplease
14Aug1912 US sent marines to Nicaragua, which was in default of loans to US and Europe. WorldAlman
1913-1924 James Moffat Bible, 1st one man translation in almost 400 years = Christianity
1913 In February Francisco Madero, the new president of Mexico and his vice president are assassinated by the US embassy. Bulgaria attacks Serbia and Greece in a second Balkan War, but loses. France increase its army size by extending the required military service from two to three years. = Christy's
1913 Suffragists demonstrate in London. Garment workers strike in New York and Boston; win pay raise and shorter hours. Henry Ford develops first moving assembly line. 16th Amendment (income tax) and 17th (popular election of U.S. senators) adopted. Bill creating U.S. Federal Reserve System becomes law. Stravinsky 's The Rite of Spring. Woodrow Wilson becomes 28th U.S. president. Armory Show introduces modern art to U.S.; Duchamp 's Nude Descending a Staircase shocks public. = Kid Info
1913 Eichenau, the last German colony in Bukovina, founded through the auspices of the Association of German Agricultural cooperatives (Verband deutscher landwirtschaftlicher Genossenschaften).= Bukovina
1913 Alaska Highway completed= Canada
Approximately one ninth of BC’s land mass surveyed to date= Canada
Approximately 500,000 acres in BC alienated for mining purposes= Canada
Approximately 8.5 million acres in BC alienated for timber purposes = Canada
1913 US blockaded Mexico in support of revolutionaries. WorldAlman
23Dec1913 Federal Reserve System was authorized in a major reform of US banking and finance. WorldAlman
1914-1922 Pope Benedict XV = Christianity
1914 Anti-american riots break out after the U.S. invades Mexico. Ford develops assembly line. Panama Canal completed. Heir to the Austria-Hungary throne, the Archduke Francis Ferdinand, is executed. World War I breaks out in Europe. Britain passes the Home Rule Bill, which isn't put into effect because of the war. First ski tow, Woodstock VT. First transcontinental telephone call. US government excludes Indian citizens from immigration (the law is repealed in 1965). The Protectorate of South Nigeria and the Proctorate of North Nigeria are merged as the Colony and Proctorate of Nigeria, although administration of the proctorate remains divided as the colony of Lagos, and the two provinces. Kool-Aid drink mix first becomes available for sale, only through mail order. = Christy's
1914 Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand in Sarajevo; outbreak of World War I.= Bukovina
1914: First World War begins. World War I Chronology <../World/WWI.html> = Imperial Russia
1914 World War I begins: Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand and wife Sophie are assassinated; Austria declares war on Serbia, Germany on Russia and France, Britain on Germany. (For detailed chronology see, World War I .) Panama Canal officially opened. Congress sets up Federal Trade Commission , passes Clayton Antitrust Act . U.S. Marines occupy Veracruz, Mexico, intervening in civil war to protect American interests. = Kid Info
1914 WW I begins in Europe. Pres.Wilson issues proclamations of neutrality / Frederick Weyerhaeuser, German-born lumber king, dies. His fortune: $300,000,000 = German American
1914 War Measures Act gives federal cabinet emergency powers= Canada
First World War begins (to 1918)= Canada
Grand Trunk Pacific Railway completes construction in Northern BC= Canada
Communities situated along railway lines are linked by telegraph= Canada
05Jan1914 Ford Motor Co raised basic wage rates from $2.40 for 9-hr day to $5 for 8-hr day. WorldAlman
09Apr1914 When US sailors were arrested at Tampico, Mexico, the Atlantic fleet was sent to Veracruz, occupied city. WorldAlman
04Aug1914 President Wilson proclaimed US neutrality in European War. WorldAlman
15Aug1914 Panama Canal was offically opened. WorldAlman
1915 Canadian National rail line reaches West Coast= Canada
1915 Lusitania sunk by German submarine. Second Battle of Ypres. U.S. banks lend $500 million to France and Britain. Genocide of estimated 600,000 to 1 million Armenians by Turkish soldiers. D. W. Griffith 's film Birth of a Nation. Albert Einstein 's General Theory of Relativity. = Kid Info
1915 A German-American, Irish-American Alliance formed to keep the US out of the war = German American
1915 Italy enters World War 1 = Tour Italy
1915-1917 Intermittent Russian occupation of Bukovina.= Bukovina
25Jan1915 First telephone talk, New York to San Francisco by Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas A Watson. WorldAlman
07May1915 British ship Lusitania sunk by German submarine; 128 American passengers lost (Germany had warned the passengers in advance). WorldAlman
28Jul1915 US troops landed in Haiti. Haiti became a virtual US protectorate under 16Sep treaty. WorldAlman
1916 Death of Francis Joseph I; accession of Charles I, last reigning Hapsburg monarch.= Bukovina
1916 Tank developed for use in WWI. In Ireland there is the Easter Rebellion where for seven days the Sinn Fein rebels against Britain. (The British won the rebellion.) The U.S. invades Mexico again. = Christy's
1916 General John J Pershing entered Mexico to pursue Francisco (Pancho) Villa, who had raided US border areas. Forces withdrawn 05Feb1917. WorldAlman
1916 Congress expands armed forces. Battle of Verdun . Battle of the Somme. Tom Mooney arrested for San Francisco bombing (pardoned in 1939 ). Pershing fails in raid into Mexico in quest of rebel Pancho Villa . U.S. buys Virgin Islands from Denmark for $25 million. President Wilson re-elected with "he kept us out of war" slogan. "Black Tom" explosion at munitions dock in Jersey City, N.J., $40,000,000 damages; traced to German saboteurs. Margaret Sanger opens first birth control clinic. Easter Rebellion in Ireland put down by British troops. Jeannette Rankin becomes first woman elected to Congress. = Kid Info
04Aug1916 US bought Virgin Islands from Denmark. WorldAlman
29Nov1916 US established military govt in the Dominican Republic. WorldAlman
1917 Reported apparition of Mary in Fatima, Portugal, "miracle of the sun" witnessed by between 70,000 and 100,000 people, considered "worthy of belief" by the Catholic Church = Christianity
1917 Mexico Revolution ends and a new consititution is written establishing an eight-hour work day, minimum wage, the right of peasants to own land, and denying foreigners the right to own land except under special situations. Riots in Russia = Kid Info. Nicholas II abdicates and the Bolshivks gain control. America enters WWI on April 6th. = Christy's
1917: The End of Imperial Russia = Imperial Russia
1917 First U.S. combat troops in France as U.S. declares war on Germany (April 6). Third Battle of Ypres. Russian Revolution of 1917-climax of long unrest under czars. February Revolution-Nicholas II forced to abdicate, liberal government created. Kerensky becomes prime minister and forms provisional government (July). In October Revolution, Bolsheviks seize power in armed coup d'état led by Lenin and Trotsky . Kerensky flees. Balfour Declaration promises Jewish homeland in Palestine. U.S. declares war on Austria-Hungary (Dec. 7). Armistice between new Russian Bolshevik government and Germans (Dec. 15). Sigmund Freud 's Introduction to Psychoanalysis.
1917 Defeat of Caporetto = Tour Italy
1917 The US enters the conflict. Anti-German hysteria throughout the country; German-language instruction ends in most states; hundreds of German-language publications cease to exist; many a Schmidt changes to Smith = German American
1917 Federal Soldier Settlement Act= Canada
31Jan1917 Germany, suffering from British blockade, declared almost unrestricted submarine warfare. WorldAlman
03Feb1917 US cut diplomatic ties with Germany. WorldAlman
05Feb1917 General John J Pershing withdraws forces from Mexico. WorldAlman
06Apr1917 US declares war on Germany. WorldAlman
18May1917 Conscription law was passed. WorldAlman
26Jun1917 First US troops arrived in Europe. WorldAlman
18Dec1917 The 18th (Prohibition) Admendment to the Constitution was submitted to the states by Congress. WorldAlman
1918 Defeat of Central Powers; collapse of Austria-Hungary; Romanian troops occupy Bukovina; German National Council (Deutscher Volksrat für die Bukowina) votes to support union with Romania.= Bukovina
1918 End of WW l; the imperial "Second Reich" ends / National German-American Alliance dissolved = German American
1918 Women over thirty win right to vote in Britain. All states in the US have passed compulsory education laws. Nicholas II and his family are killed. Brest-Litovsk Treaty signed between Germany and Russia, taking Russia out of WWI. Poland proclaimed itself an independed republic. Yugoslavia created. The Armistice signed, ending WWI. German Kaiser flees to Holland. = Christy's
1918 Russian revolutionaries execute the former czar and his family. Russian Civil War between Reds (Bolsheviks) and Whites (anti-Bolsheviks); Reds win in 1920. Allied troops (U.S., British, French) intervene (March); leave in 1919. Second Battle of the Marne (July-Aug.) German Kaiser abdicates (Nov.); hostilities cease on the Western Front. Japanese hold Vladivostok until 1922. Worldwide influenza epidemic strikes; by 1920, nearly 20 million are dead. In U.S. alone, 500,000 perish. = Kid Info
1918 Influenza epidemic killed an estimated 20,000,000 worldwide, 548,000 in the US. WorldAlman
1918 Spanish Flu (influenza) epidemic kills many Indian people in BC= Canada
1918 (high point year) Influenza Worldwide more people were hospitalized in WWI from this epidemic than wounds. US Army training camps became death camps, with 80% death rate in some camps. = Epidemic
Jul1918 Over 1,000,000 American troops were in Europe. WorldAlman
11Nov1918 War ended. WorldAlman
1918 First World War ends= Canada
1919 World's Christian Fundamentals Association founded = Christianity
1919 Treaty of St. Germain by which Bukovina passes to Romanian administration; although treaty contains provisions for the protection of ethnic and religious minorities, these are not incorporated into Romanian constitution.= Bukovina
1919 Versaille Treaty . Poland is reconstituted as a nation. The Sinn Fein declares Ireland a republic leading to three years of revolution. The Eighteenth Amendment to the US constitution outlaws the sale of alcohol. Political power in Germany is given to the democractic Weimar Republic. = Christy's
1919 Third International (Comintern ) establishes Soviet control over international Communist movements. Paris peace conference. Versailles Treaty , incorporating Woodrow Wilson's draft Covenant of League of Nations , signed by Allies and Germany; rejected by U.S. Senate. Congress formally ends war in 1921. 18th (Prohibition ) Amendment adopted. Alcock and Brown make first trans-Atlantic nonstop flight. Mahatma Gandhi initiates satyagraha ("truth force") campaigns, beginning his nonviolent resistance movement against British rule in India. = Kid Info
1919 Germany's "Weimar Republic" founded / German instruction banned in Indiana and Nebraska / Steuben Society founded = German American
1919-1923 Romanization of schools and civil service; those not competent in Romanian language are removed from their positions; German National Council works to promote and safeguard German cultural interests.= Bukovina
16Jan1919 The 18th (Prohibition) Amendment to the Constitution was ratified by the 36th state (Nevada). WorldAlman
08May1919 First transatlantic flight, by US Navy seaplane, left Rockaway, New York, stopped at Newfoundland, Azores, Lisbon 27May. WorldAlman
1920 Fourteenth federal census taken for the United States. All persons in each household are listed by name. All dwellings in each census district were given a number. Each family was also assigned an identification number. Each census sheet lists the county as well as town or township. = Census
1920 Roughly 1.7 million German-born immigrants lived in the United States; the number of German-language publications fell to about 230. = GermansInAm
1920 Mohandas K. Gandhi became the leader of the Indian National Congress and led nonviolent disobedience against the British. Agatha Christie published her first book, "The Mysterious Affair of Style". Italian Facists under Mussolini actively combat the communists. = Christy's
1920 League of Nations holds first meeting at Geneva, Switzerland. U.S. Dept. of Justice "red hunt" nets thousands of radicals; aliens deported. Women's suffrage (19th) amendment ratified. Treaty of Sèvres dissolves Ottoman Empire. First Agatha Christie mystery. Sinclair Lewis 's Main Street. = Kid Info
1920 Prohibition until 1933 = German American
1920 Federal legislation permits enfranchisement of Indians without their consent. Repealed= Canada
Duncan C. Scott makes it mandatory for Indian children (7-15 yrs) to attend school= Canada
1920s BC Indian population reaches lowest point= Canada
20Aug1920 First regular licensed radio broadcasting begun. WorldAlman
16Sep1920 Wall Street, NYC, bomb explosion killed 30, injured 100, did $2,000,000 damage. WorldAlman
Nov1920 James Middleton Cox, Democratic Presidential Candidate with Franklin Delano Roosevelt, vice presidential running mate, lost in the landslide election of Warren G Harding, Calvin Coolidge, Republican candidates. WorldAlman
1921 In Russia the New Economic Plan is instituted. Riza Shah Pahlevi, an army officer, marches his troops against the Iran government. Great Britain gives Ireland dominion status, starting a civil war in Ireland. The Washington Naval Conference leads to a treaty between the US, Great Britian, Japan, Italy and France agreeing on a freeze on the number of capital ships for ten years. Costa Rican troops invade Panama. = Christy's
1921 Mussolini forms Fascist Party; PCI formed = Tour Italy
1921 Reparations Commission fixes German liability at 132 billion gold marks. German inflation begins. Major treaties signed at Washington Disarmament Conference limit naval tonnage and pledge to respect territorial integrity of China. In U.S., Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti , Italian-born anarchists, convicted of armed robbery murder; case stirs worldwide protests; they are executed in 1927. = Kid Info
1921 Pacific Great Eastern Railway (BC Rail) reaches Quesnel= Canada
1921 First Quota Law Limits immigration = German American
1921 Ku Klux Klan began revival with violence against blacks in North, South, and Midwest. WorldAlman
1921-1924 Agrarian reform carried out throughout Romania.= Bukovina
1921 George Washington Carver appeared before the US Congressional Ways and Means Committee, promoting a protective tariff on peanuts. He demonstrated the many potential products/uses of peanuts and came away from the meeting with national fame. Due to his promotional efforts, the peanut is a major crop in the Southeastern coastal plain today - and peanut butter has become an American classic. (Isely, 1994)[see 1890] = PlantTrivia
19May1921 Congress sharply curbed immigration, set quota system. WorldAlman
1922-1939 Pope Pius XI = Christianity
1922 March on Rome; Mussolini prime minister = Tour Italy
1922 Mussolini takes power in Italy. King Tut's tomb is opened. In an attempt to end border disputes Sir Percy Cox, the British High Commissioner in Iraq draws out new borders between Iraq, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. = Christy's
1922 Mussolini marches on Rome; forms Fascist government. Irish Free State , a self-governing dominion of British Empire, officially proclaimed. Kemal Atatürk , founder of modern Turkey, overthrows last sultan. James Joyce's Ulysses. = Kid Info
1922 GTPR and Canadian Northern Railway merge to form the Canadian National Railway= Canada
1922 Reader's Digest founded. WorldAlman
1923 Riza Shah Pahlevi becomes the prime minister of Iran. Irish civil war ends, and the rebels sign a peace treaty. The Sinn Fein is split. The invention of neon advertising signs. France occupies the Ruhr valley in order to collect reparations from Germany for WWI. Hyper inflation in Germany. By December it takes 7000 German marks to buy an American dollar. Adolf Hitler attempts a coup in Munich. = Christy's
1923 Supreme Court rules prohibiting German in schools unconstitutional / Charles P Steinmetz, GE's wizard of electricity, dies / Inflation rocks young German republic / Hitler arrested after failing to seize power in Munich = German American
1923 Adolf Hitler 's "Beer Hall Putsch" in Munich fails; in 1924 he is sentenced to five years in prison where he writes Mein Kampf; released after eight months. Occupation of Ruhr by French and Belgian troops to enforce reparations payments. Widespread Ku Klux Klan violence in U.S. Earthquake destroys third of Tokyo. George Gershwin 's Rhapsody in Blue. Bessie Smith , known as "the Empress of the Blues," makes her first record. Irish poet William Butler Yeats wins Nobel Prize in Literature. = Kid Info
Apr1923 First sound-on-film motion picture, "Phonofilm" was shown by Lee de Forest at Rivoli Theatre, NYC. WorldAlman
1924 First Danish women elected to national post. Lenin dies in January. The American government establishes a law allowing the annual immigration of any nationality to be only 2 per cent of the number of that nationality that were residents in the US in 1890. The Dawes Plan is agreed upon to help the reconstrction in Germany. Chilean president Arturo Alessandri Palma is overthrown by a military coup; a second coup returns him to his position and allows him to push through a new consititution calling for the president to be elected by direct popular election = Christy's
1924 Death of Lenin; Stalin wins power struggle, rules as Soviet dictator until death in 1953. Italian Fascists murder Socialist leader Giacomo Matteotti. Interior Secretary Albert B. Fall and oilmen Harry Sinclair and Edward L. Doheny are charged with conspiracy and bribery in the Teapot Dome scandal, involving fraudulent leases of naval oil reserves. In 1931, Fall is sentenced to year in prison; Doheny and Sinclair acquitted of bribery. Nathan Leopold and Richard Loeb convicted in "thrill killing" of Bobby Franks in Chicago; defended by Clarence Darrow ; sentenced to life imprisonment. (Loeb killed by fellow convict in 1936; Leopold paroled in 1958, dies in 1971.) Robert Frost wins first of four Pulitzers. = Kid Info
1924 All public schools removed from community control and placed under jurisdiction of the state.= Bukovina
1924 International Harvester Company introduced their gasoline powered tractor, the Farmall, which was fitted with removable attachments. (Fussell, 1992) = PlantTrivia
15Jun1924 Law approved by Congress making all Indians citizens. WorldAlman
1925 Scopes Trial, caused division among Fundamentalists = Christianity
1925 Carlos Ibañez forces Chilean president Arturo Alessandri Palma out of power. Riza Shah Pahlevi becomes the Shah of Iran, and works to modernize Iran. "The Great Gatsby" is published. The United Church of Canada is founded. Al Capone takes over an illegal Chicago organization from Johnny Torrio. In Tennessee highschool teacher John Thomas Scopes was tried for teaching the theory of evolution. The Locarno Pact defines Germany's western borders with France and Begium. = Christy's
1925 Nellie Tayloe Ross elected governor of Wyoming; first woman governor elected in U.S. Locarno conferences seek to secure European peace by mutual guarantees. John T. Scopes convicted and fined for teaching evolution in a public school in Tennessee "Monkey Trial"; sentence set aside. John Logie Baird , Scottish inventor, transmits human features by television . Hitler publishes Volume I of Mein Kampf. = Kid Info
1925 Centralization of government; Bukovina loses its provincial status and autonomy; divided into five administrative districts: Czernowitz, Storozynetz, Radautz, Suczawa, and Kimpolung, which are governed directly through Bucharest.= Bukovina
24Jul1925 John T Scopes found guilty of having taught evolution in Dayton, TN, high school, fined $100 and costs. WorldAlman
1926 Jozef Pilsudski made himself a semidictator of Poland . Germany is admitted to the League of Nations. The French establish the Lebanese Republic (a step on the way to the independence of Lebanon). = Christy's
1926 General strike in Britain brings nation's activities to standstill. U.S. marines dispatched to Nicaragua during revolt; they remain until 1933. Gertrude Ederle of U.S. is first woman to swim English Channel. Ernest Hemingway 's The Sun Also Rises. = Kid Info
1926 Scientists began to formulate genetic solutions to long-known plant problems. In this year East and Manglesdorf resolved the issue of self-sterility in Nicotiana. Filzer and Lehmann conducted similar studies of Veronica. (C. Zirkle in Ewan, 1969) = PlantTrivia
1927 Chinese Nationalists carry out a purge of communists in Shanghai. = Christy's
1927 German economy collapses. Socialists riot in Vienna; general strike follows acquittal of Nazis for political murder. Trotsky expelled from Russian Communist Party . Charles A. Lindbergh flies first successful solo nonstop flight from New York to Paris. Ruth Snyder and Judd Gray convicted of murder of Albert Snyder; they are executed at Sing Sing prison in 1928. Philo T. Farnsworth demonstrates working television model. Georges Lemaître proposes Big Bang Theory. Babe Ruth hits 60 home runs in the season; record stands for next 34 years. The Jazz Singer, with Al Jolson , first part-talking motion picture . = Kid Info
1927 A Congressional bill directed the Secretary of Agriculture "to establish and maintain a national arboretum for purposes of reserach and education concerning tree and plant life." (Skinner, in The Yearbook of Agriculture 1962) = PlantTrivia
20May1927 Capt Charles A Lindbergh left Roosevelt Field, NY, alone in plane "Spirit of St Louis" on first New York-Paris nonstop flight. Reached Le Bourget airfield 21May, 3610 miles in 33-1/2 hours. WorldAlman
1928 Soviet government announces first five year plan. ~Steamboat Willie introduces ~Disney's Mickey Mouse. In the US there are about 26 million cars in use. The Kellogg-Briand Pact is signed. = Christy's
1928 Of the seventy-three German public schools in operation in 1913, only one remains open.= Bukovina
1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact , outlawing war, signed in Paris by 65 nations. Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin . Richard E. Byrd starts expedition to Antarctic; returns in 1930. Anthropologist Margaret Mead publishes Coming of Age in Samoa. Oxford English Dictionary published after 44 years of research. = Kid Info
1928 Influenza epidemic in Mackenzie Valley. Many deaths= Canada
1928 Fleming invents penicillin in Britain. WallChartB
1928 Herbert Hoover elected president against Alfred E Smith, the Catholic governor of New York. WorldAlman
1928 Herbert Hoover (Huber) elected -- first president of German ancestry = German American
1928 Following on similar work with Drosophila, Stadler used X-rays to produce mutations in corn (Zea mays). (C. Zirkle in Ewan, 1969) = PlantTrivia
17Jun1928 Amelia Earhart became first woman to fly the Atlantic. WorldAlman
1929 US stock crash leads to world-wide depression. ~Edwin Hubble observes that all galaxies are moving away from each other. The invention of the car radio. Iraqi Premier Sir Abdul Muhsin commits suicide. Hemmingway's "Farewell to Arms" is published. = Christy's
1929 Stock market crash. Beginning of the Great Depression (to World War Two)= Canada
1929 "Black Friday" on New York Stock Exchange leads to worldwide depression / baseball stars Babe Ruth, Lou Gehrig, Honus Wagner, Frank Frisch. . . of German descent = German American
1929 Trotsky expelled from U.S.S.R. Lateran Treaty establishes independent Vatican City. In U.S., stock market prices collapse, with U.S. securities losing $26 billion-first phase of Depression and world economic crisis. St. Valentine's Day gangland massacre in Chicago. Edwin Powell Hubble proposes theory of expanding universe. = Kid Info
29Oct1929 Stock Market crash marked end of postwar prosperity as stock prices plummeted. Stock losses for 1929-1931 estimated at $50 billion; worst American depression. WorldAlman
1930 Fifteenth federal census taken for the United States. All persons in each household are listed by name. All dwellings in each census district were given a number. Each family was also assigned an identification number. Each census sheet lists the county as well as town or township. In 1920, the census asked "if naturalized, year of naturalization." In 1930, the Census asked only if the person were naturalized. The 1900, 1910, and 1920 censuses asked if a person owned or rented a house. In 1930, the schedules also included the value of the home or the amount of rent paid each month. The 1930 census asked if the home had a radio. The 1930 census asked a person's age at the time of his or her first marriage. In 1930, the census asked which specific war a man fought in. = Census
1930 Census shows 853,524 inhabitants of whom 8.9 percent are German.= Bukovina
1930 Japanese invade Manchuria. (1930s) Passenger airlines become common. Mahatma Gandhi defies British laws and makes salt. Chinese Nationalists embark on an attempt at getting rid of Mao's Red Army. = Christy's
1930 Britain, U.S., Japan, France, and Italy sign naval disarmament treaty. Nazis gain in German elections. Cyclotron developed by Ernest O. Lawrence, U.S. physicist. Pluto discovered by astronomers. = Kid Info
1930 Ruskin Dam operational= Canada
1930-1939 Great Depression; high tariffs and a policy of autarchy intensify economic problems.= Bukovina
1930 The Sanforizer Company introduced an ammonia-based process, devised by Sanford Cluett, that causes cotton fibers to swell, preventing shrinkage when washed. (OED) = PlantTrivia
1931 Statute of Westminister is passed. Japanese seize China's northeast provinces. Al Capone is sentenced to eleven years in prison for tax evasion. In El Salvador Arturo Araújo is elected president but overthrown by the military, led by Vice Presdient General Martínez. = Christy's
1931 Spain becomes a republic with overthrow of King Alfonso XIII . German industrialists finance 800,000-strong Nazi party. British parliament enacts statute of Westminster , legalizing dominion equality with Britain. Mukden Incident begins Japanese occupation of Manchuria. In U.S., Hoover proposes one-year moratorium of war debts. Harold C. Urey discovers heavy hydrogen. Gangster Al Capone sentenced to 11 years in prison for tax evasion (freed in 1939; dies in 1947 ). Notorious Scottsboro trial begins, exposing depth of Southern racism. "The Star Spangled Banner" officially becomes national anthem. = Kid Info
1931 Post Office closings... many small Post Offices are closed across the nation and the Rural Free Delivery (RFD) system is expanded to save operating costs. ILPlaceNames
01May1931 Empire State Building opened in New York City. WorldAlman
1932 Reported apparition of Mary in Beauraing, Belgium, considered "worthy of belief" by the Catholic Church = Christianity
1932 a crude electron microscope invented in Germany, providing 400x magnification. In this year one out of every four families in the US were on relief. The Europeans agree to reduce Germany's reparation payments by 90% if America will do the same for their war debts. Japan takes control of Manchuria, and China calls to the League of Nations to sort things out - as a result Japan leaves the League of Nations. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is decreed by Ibn Saud. Iraq gains independence. Arturo Alessandri is elected president of Chile again. A peasant uprising in El Salvador fails after its leaders are arrested and 4,000 killed. The El Salvador military government massacres over 30,000 more people. Famine in Ukraine. = Christy's
1932 Nazis lead in German elections with 230 Reichstag seats. Famine in U.S.S.R. In U.S., Congress sets up Reconstruction Finance Corporation to stimulate economy. Veterans march on Washington-most leave after Senate rejects payment of cash bonuses; others removed by troops under Douglas MacArthur . U.S. protests Japanese aggression in Manchuria. Amelia Earhart is first woman to fly Atlantic solo. Charles A. Lindbergh 's baby son kidnapped, killed. (Bruno Richard Hauptmann arrested in 1934, convicted in 1935, executed in 1936.) = Kid Info
1932 Fire at the Indian Affairs Lytton Agency office. All records are destroyed.= Canada
1932 Allis-Chalmers introduced rubber, pneumatic tires for their tractors, offering by 1934 a tractor designed specifically for rubber tires. By 1939, 90% of the tractors manufactured had pneumatic tires. (Williams, 1987) = PlantTrivia
01Mar1932 Charles Lindbergh Jr kidnapped. WorldAlman
12May1932 Charles Lindbergh Jr found dead. WorldAlman
29May1932 Bonus March on Washington by World War I veterans demanding Congress pay their bonuses in full. WorldAlman
1933 Reported apparition of Mary in Banneux, Belgium, considered "worthy of belief" by the Catholic Church = Christianity
1933 Illinois Waterway opened. = ILGenWeb
1933-34 Century of Progress world's fair held at Chicago. = ILGenWeb
1933 Hitler appointed "Reichskanzler." Beginning of mass exodus of Jewish and non-Jewish intellectuals and artists from Nazi Germany, including Bauhaus members = German American
1933 Hitler comes to power in Germany. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt is inaugurated on March 3. The Twenty-First Amendment to the US consitution repeals prohibition. King Faisal I of Iraq dies and is succeeded by his twenty-one year old son Ghazi. The Iraqi army commits atrocities against some 3,000 Kurdish people in northern Iraq. = Christy's
1933 Hitler appointed German chancellor, gets dictatorial powers. Reichstag fire in Berlin; Nazi terror begins. Germany and Japan withdraw from League of Nations . Giuseppe Zangara executed for attempted assassination of president-elect Roosevelt in which Chicago mayor Cermak is fatally shot. Roosevelt inaugurated ("the only thing we have to fear is fear itself"); launches New Deal . Prohibition repealed. U.S.S.R. recognized by U.S. = Kid Info
1933 The coming to power of Adolf Hitler in Germany caused a significant immigration of leading German scientists, writers, musicians, scholars, and other artists and intellectuals to the United States to escape persecution. Among them were such notables as Albert Einstein, Bruno Walter, Arnold Schoenberg, Walter Gropius, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Hans Bethe, Thomas Mann, Marlene Dietrich, Kurt Weil, Billy Wilder, Hannah Arendt, and Hans Morgenthau. By the end of World War II, there were some 130,000 of these German and Austrian refugees living in America. = GermansInAm
06Mar1933 All banks in the US were ordered closed by FDR. WorldAlman
09Mar1933 In the "100 days" special session til 16Jun, Congress passed New Deal social and economic measures. WorldAlman
19Apr1933 Gold standard dropped by US; announced by FDR. WorldAlman
05Jun1933 Gold standard dropped ratified by Congress. WorldAlman
05Dec1933 The 18th (Prohibition) Amendment to the Constitution was repealed by ratification of the 21st Amendment ratified by the 36th state (Utah). WorldAlman
1934 The Steuben Society and most German-Americans oppose Nazi movement in the USA / the Carl Schurz Memorial Foundation (National Carl Schurz Association) publishes the "American-German Review" and assists refugees from Germany = German American
1934 USSR enters the League of Nations. Dionne Quintuplets born. Spanish civil war begins. 1934 - 1940, Batista, the head of the Cuban army, rules Cuba through a series of puppet presidents, with the United States supplying the army and training Cuban officers. Chinese Red Army makes it's Long March. = Christy's
1934 Chancellor Dollfuss of Austria assassinated by Nazis. Hitler becomes führer. U.S.S.R. admitted to League of Nations. Dionne sisters, first quintuplets to survive beyond infancy, born in Canada. Mao Zedong begins the Long March north with 100,000 soldiers. = Kid Info
1934 A major windstorm in the plains states removed 350 million tons of topsoil, scattering it over the eastern US and out into the Atlantic. It is estimated that 12 million tons fell on Chicago. The storms continued and by 1938 the top five inches of soil had been removed from 10,000,000 acres of land. In that year 850 million tons of soil were lost. By 1938 3.5 million people had abandoned farms on the great plains. One fifth of Oklahoma’s population moved to other states. (Ponting, 1991) = PlantTrivia
06Aug1934 US troops pull out of Haiti. WorldAlman
1935 Nuremberg Laws deprive Jews of citizenship. The British government created a new Indian constitiution giving Indians more political power. The Seventh (and last) Comintern Congress of USSR ordered Communist parties through out the world to join the anti-fascist parties. = Christy's
1935-36 Abyssinian war; League of Nations sanctions = Tour Italy
1935 Saar incorporated into Germany after plebiscite. Nazis repudiate Versailles Treaty , introduce compulsory military service. Mussolini invades Ethiopia; League of Nations invokes sanctions. Roosevelt opens second phase of New Deal in U.S., calling for social security, better housing, equitable taxation, and farm assistance. Huey Long assassinated in Louisiana. = Kid Info
1935-1938 Carothers invents nylon in US. WallChartB
1935 Analysis by botanist A. Koehler demonstrated that a homemade wooden ladder used during the abduction (resulting in murder) of the son of Charles and Anne Morrow Lindbergh was made from the same wooden planks that floored Bruno Hauptmann’s attic. Hauptmann was convicted of this crime. (Levetin & McMahon, 1996) = PlantTrivia
1935 The Rural Electrification Administration (REA) was created through executive order by President F. D. Roosevelt, receiving Congressional authority the following year through passage of the Rural Electrification Act. REA offered loans to cooperatives and power districts in order to finance distribution, transmission, and generation of power to rural areas. In 1935 approximately one in ten US farms received electricity; by 1962 electricity was supplied to more than 97% of US farms. (Kelly, in The Yearbook of Agriculture 1962) = PlantTrivia
14Aug1935 Social Security Act passed by Congress. WorldAlman
15Aug1935 Comedian Will Rogers and aviator Wiley Post killed in Alaska plane crash. WorldAlman
08Sep1935 Senator Huey Long of Louisiana, a national political leader, was assassinated. WorldAlman
1936 Edward VIII King of England, acceeded and abdicated = Christianity
1936-1952 George VI King of England = Christianity
1936 Westminster NT, unofficial Catholic version (not commissioned by the Hierarchy) = Christianity
1936 Major purge of the Communist party in USSR. Edward VIII of Great Britain is crowned, and abdicates so he can marry a divorced women. His brother George VI is crowned. Spanish civil war ends. John Maynard Keynes' book "The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money" promotes demand-side economics. The Philippines recieve independence from the United States. = Christy's
1936-39 Intervention in favour of Franco in Spanish Civil War = Tour Italy
1936 Axis formed between Italy and Germany = Tour Italy
1936 The German-American Bund (Deutsch-Amerikanischer Volksbund) with Fritz Kuhn as "Fuehrer," a Nazi organization = German American
1936 Germans occupy Rhineland. Italy annexes Ethiopia. Rome-Berlin Axis proclaimed (Japan to join in 1940 ). Trotsky exiled to Mexico. King George V dies; succeeded by son, Edward VIII , who soon abdicates to marry an American-born divorcée, and is succeeded by brother, George VI . Spanish civil war begins. Hundreds of Americans join the "Lincoln Brigades." (Franco 's fascist forces defeat Loyalist forces by 1939, when Madrid falls.) War between China and Japan begins, to continue through World War II. Japan and Germany sign anti-Comintern pact; joined by Italy in 1937. = Kid Info
1936 Boulder Dam completed. WorldAlman
1936 Margaret Mitchell published "Gone with the Wind." WorldAlman
1937 Japan invades China. James Hillier and Albert Prebus (of the University of Toronto) unveil an ~electron microscope with 7000x magnification. Snow White is the first feature-length cartoon. Carlson invents the photocopier. Opening of the Golden Gate bridge. = Christy's
1937 The American Nazi Party claims 200,000 members = German American
1937 Hitler repudiates war guilt clause of Versailles Treaty ; continues to build German power. Italy withdraws from League of Nations . U.S. gunboat Panay sunk by Japanese in Yangtze River. Japan invades China, conquers most of coastal area. Amelia Earhart lost somewhere in Pacific on round-the-world flight. Picasso 's Guernica mural. = Kid Info
1937 Demikhov invents artificial heart in USSR. WallChartB
1937 The Nobel Prize was awarded to Albert Szent-Gyögyi, the first person to isolate vitamin C. He extracted it from paprika. [See 1747] (Levetin & McMahon, 1996) = PlantTrivia
1937 Oil strikes in Marion County result in boom. = ILGenWeb
02Jul1937 Amelia Earhart, aviator, and co-pilot Fred Noonan lost near Howland Island, in the Pacific. WorldAlman
1938 Thorton Wilder publishes "Our Town". The ballpoint pen is invented. When American, Dutch and British owned oil companies refused to raise the wages for Mexican employees the oil fields are nationalized. = Christy's
1938 Hitler marches into Austria; political and geographical union of Germany and Austria proclaimed. Munich Pact -Britain, France, and Italy agree to let Germany partition Czechoslovakia. Douglas "Wrong-Way" Corrigan flies from New York to Dublin. Fair Labor Standards Act establishes minimum wage. Orson Welles 's radio broadcast War of the Worlds. = Kid Info
Mar1938 Anschluss (annexation) of Austria to Germany.= Bukovina
25Jun1938 National minimum wage enacted. WorldAlman
Sep1938 Munich Agreement paves way for Germany's annexation of the Sudetenland.= Bukovina
30Oct1938 Orson Welles radio dramatization of "War of the Worlds" caused nationwide scare. WorldAlman
1939-1958 Pope Pius XII = Christianity
1939 Pact of Steel with Germany; occupation of Albania = Tour Italy
1939 Fritz Kuhn jailed for misappropriation of Bund funds / Hitler starts WW II with his Blitzkrieg against Poland = German American
1939 German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact; fourth partition of Poland in modern times; World War II; ethnic Germans permitted to leave Soviet-occupied Baltic States and eastern Poland for resettlement in the Third Reich.= Bukovina
1939 On August 23, the Nazi-Soviet Pact between Germany and Russia is signed. Officially it's just a nonagression agreement. Two weeks later WWII begins when Germany invades Poland. The Fins and Russians fight. Russians win. Poland is divided between Germany and Russia. Television first broadcast publicly, from the Empire State Building . = Christy's
1939 Germany invades Poland; occupies Bohemia and Moravia; renounces pact with England and concludes 10-year non-aggression pact with U.S.S.R. Russo-Finnish War begins; Finns to lose one-tenth of territory in 1940 peace treaty. World War II begins.(For detailed chronology, see World War II .) In U.S., Roosevelt submits $1,319-million defense budget, proclaims U.S. neutrality, and declares limited emergency. Einstein writes FDR about feasibility of atomic bomb. New York World's Fair opens. DAR refuses to allow Marian Anderson to perform. Gone with the Wind premieres. = Kid Info
1939 Second World War begins (to 1945)= Canada
1939 Swiss chemist Paul Müller discovered the insecticidal qualities of DDT, a compound first synthesized by German chemist Othmar Zeidler in 1874. [See 1972](Busbey, in The Yearbook of Agriculture 1962) = PlantTrivia
05Sep1939 US declares its neutrality in European War. WorldAlman
08Sep1939 FDR proclaimed a limited national emergency, an unlimited emergency 27May1941. Both ended by Pres Truman 28Apr1952. WorldAlman
1940 Italy enters World War II on German side = Tour Italy
1940 Radar used in the Battle of Britain. The Moslem league demands a separate Moslem country (Pakistan) be created. The ~Red Army (of USSR) capture Estonia, Latvai, and Lihuania. Opening of the Pasadena Freeway (the first in America). The Japanese occupy Indo-China. = Christy's
1940 Soviet annexation of Bessarabia and northern Bukovina; Germans in northern and southern Bukovina permitted to immigrate en masse to Germany; some 95,000, or all but 7,000, avail themselves of this opportunity.= Bukovina
1940 Most of the 114,058 Germans coming to the USA between 1931 and 1940 are opposed to, or escape from, Nazi tyranny = German American
1940 Hitler invades Norway, Denmark (April 9), the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg (May 10), and France (May 12). Churchill becomes Britain's prime minister. Trotsky assassinated in Mexico (Aug. 20). Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania annexed by U.S.S.R. U.S. trades 50 destroyers for leases on British bases in Western Hemisphere. Selective Service Act signed. The first official network television broadcast is put out by NBC. = Kid Info
1940 An estimated 1.2 million German-born immigrants lived in the United States. = GermansInAm
1940 Steroids discovered in yam (Dioscorea) proved useful for the manufacture of cortisone and sexual hormones. Consequently, the cost of hormones dropped from $80 to $2 per gram. [See 1956] (Heiser, 1981) This was amplified through the work of Russell Marker, who while assigned to study steroids during a research fellowship at Pennsylvania State University discovered he could manufacture progesterone from steroids in the yam. Unable to receive support to further this work, he moved to Mexico City and formed a joint venture named Syntex. Though Marker abandoned his research, Syntex continued work with other chemists. Eventually Syntex manufactured testosterone and 19-norprogesterone, an analog of progesterone that was even more effective at inhibiting ovulation. Administered in an oral version, this became "The Pill." (Cobb & Goldwhite, 1995) [See 1956] = PlantTrivia
03Jun1940 US okayed sale of surplus war material to Britian; announced transfer of 50 overaged destroyers 03Sep. WorldAlman
14Sep1940 First peacetime draft approved. WorldAlman
1941-43 Italians fight in Yugoslavia, Russia and Africa; defeat in Africa; Allies land in Sicily; anti-Fascist action; Badoglio delares war on
Germany = Tour Italy
1941 Japan enters WWII on the German side. Germany attacks Russia. Russian and Britain occupy Iran and force Riza Shah to abdicate. His son Mohammed Riza Shah becomes Shah and signs a peace treaty with Britain and Russia. = Christy's
1941 Following Pearl Harbor, Hitler declares war on the USA = German American
1941 Germany attacks the Balkans and Russia. Japanese surprise attack on U.S. fleet at Pearl Harbor brings U.S. into World War II; U.S. and Britain declare war on Japan. Manhattan Project (atomic bomb research) begins. Roosevelt enunciates "four freedoms," signs Lend-Lease Act, declares national emergency, promises aid to U.S.S.R. Orson Welles 's Citizen Kane. = Kid Info
1941-1944 Germany attacks Soviet Union; Bukovina reoccupied by German and Romanian troops.= Bukovina
11Mar1941 Lend-Lease Act signed, providing $7 billion in military credits for Britain. WorldAlman
Nov1941 Lend-Lease Act approved for USSR. WorldAlman
07Dec1941 Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, 7:55am Hawaiian time, 19 ships sunk or damaged, 2300 dead. WorldAlman
08Dec1941 US declared war on Japan. WorldAlman
11Dec1941 US declared war on Germany and Italy, after those countries declared war. WorldAlman
1942 Stephen Hawkings is born. = Christy's
1942 Gen. Eisenhower commands US Forces in the European theater. Like "Ike," Adm. Nimitz, Gen. Spaatz and others are also of German descent = German American
1942 Declaration of United Nations signed in Washington (Jan. 1). Nazi leaders attend Wannsee Conference to coordinate the "final solution to the Jewish question," the systematic genocide of Jews known as the Holocaust . (For detailed chronology of the Holocaust, see The Holocaust .) Women's military services established. Enrico Fermi achieves nuclear chain reaction. More than 120,000 Japanese and persons of Japanese ancestry living in western U.S. moved to "relocation centers," some for the duration of the war (Executive Order 9066). Coconut Grove nightclub fire in Boston kills 492 (Nov. 28). = Kid Info
1942 Federal government forcibly moved 110,000 Japanese-Americans (including 75,000 US citizens) from West Coast to detention camps. Exclusion lasted 3 years. WorldAlman
08Nov1942 US, Britain invaded North Africa. WorldAlman
1943 Iran declares war on Germany, but does no active fighting. Lebanon gains independence from France. = Christy's
1943 About 3,000,000 people died from famine-based starvation in Bengal. (Ponting, 1991) = PlantTrivia
1943 Churchill and Roosevelt hold Casablanca Conference (Jan. 14-23). Mussolini deposed.
President freezes prices, salaries, and wages to prevent inflation. Income tax withholding introduced. = Kid Info
09Sep1943 US troops invaded Italy. WorldAlman
1944 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (later the World Bank) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) created at a conference at Bretton Wood, USA. Syria gains independence from France. General Martínez of El Salvador is forced from power but the military government continues. = Christy's
1944 Allies invade Normandy on D-Day (June 6). G.I. Bill of Rights enacted. Bretton Woods Conference creates International Monetary Fund and World Bank (July 1-22). Dumbarton Oaks Conference-U.S., British Commonwealth, and U.S.S.R. propose establishment of United Nations (Aug. 21-Oct. 7). Battle of the Bulge (Dec. 16). Gunnar Myrdal 's An American Dilemma. = Kid Info
1944 Evacuation of Germans seeking to escape advancing Soviet armies begins.= Bukovina
1944 Anzio landings; Allies take Rome = Tour Italy
06Jun1944 US, Allied forces invaded Europe at Normandy. WorldAlman
1945-1955 Knox Version, from Vulgate, asked for by English Hierarchy = Christianity
1945 Resistance movement; liberation of Florence; German surrender = Tour Italy
1945 Atomic bombs dropped on two Japanese cities. In June the United Nations is formed. In August WWII ends. Russia controls Poland. About this time the International Maritime Consultive Organization is organized, and the UN establishes the International Law Commission. ~Mussolini is shot then hung. = Christy's
1945 Yalta Conference (Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin) plans final defeat of Germany (Feb. 4-11). FDR dies (April 12). Hitler commits suicide (April 30); Germany surrenders (May 7); May 8 is declared V-E Day. Potsdam Conference (Truman, Churchill, Stalin) establishes basis of German reconstruction (July-Aug.). U.S. drops atomic bombs on Japanese cities of Hiroshima (Aug. 6) and Nagasaki (Aug. 9). Japan signs official surrender on V-J Day (Sept. 2). United Nations established (Oct. 24). First electronic computer, ENIAC, built. = Kid Info
1945 May 8, WW II in Europe ends with Germany's unconditional surrender / CARE packages and other American assistance during post war hunger period in West Germany-a big help = German American
Feb1945 Yalta Conference sanctions Soviet annexation of Bessarabia and northern Bukovina; northern Bukovina incorporated into Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic.= Bukovina
12Apr1945 Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 63, died of cerebral hemorrhage in Warm Springs, GA. Vice President Harry S Truman became President. WorldAlman
07May1945 Germany surrendered. WorldAlman
Jul1945 Potsdam Conference sanctions "humane and orderly" transfer of indigenous German population in eastern and southeastern Europe; over 12,000,000 German refugees and expellees stream westward; transfer results in death to tens of thousands due to massacre and privations. Many Germans forcibly repatriated to Soviet Union and Bukovina.= Bukovina
06Aug1945 First atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima. WorldAlman
09Aug1945 Second atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki. WorldAlman
15Aug1945 Japan surrendered. WorldAlman
1945 Second World War ends= Canada
1946-1952 Revised Standard Version, revision of AV "based on consonantal Hebrew text" for OT and best available texts for NT, done in response to changes in English usage = Christianity
1946- Christian Democrat domination of government = Tour Italy
1946 Moslems riot in India. Prime minister of Iran, Ahmad Qavan signs an agreement with Russia allowing the Russians to develop the oil fields. Russian troops leave Iran, and the Azerbaijan and Krurdistan republics collapse, letting Iran gain control of them again. The treaty between Russia and Iran never was used. First meeting of United Nations General Assembly in London. Paramahamsa Yogananda publishes the book "Autobiography of a Yogi." Civil war in China between the Communists and the Nationalists. The Dead Sea Scrolls are discovered. Chinese and British withdraw from Vietnam, returning it to the French. The French re-establish their own control over parts of Vietnam, refusing to recognize Ho Chi Minh's government. The last French troups are evacuated from Lebanon. Oil is first exported from Kuwait. = Christy's
1947 Mashall Plan proposed to help rebuild Western Europe. Roswell incident (alien landing in New Mexico). India becomes an independent dominion of the British Commonwealth, as does Pakistan. GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) is signed. The first of a series of short-lived consitutions in Nigeria are formed, giving limited native participation in provincial legislatures. The National Security Act creates the CIA. = Christy's
1947 Thor Heyerdahl sailed a raft made of balsa logs, the Kon Tiki, from South America far into the Pacific Ocean, to support his contention that prehistoric people could have made such journeys. Heyerdahl would use the presence in the Easter Islands of a plant called totara (Scirpus) that is native to coastal South America as suggesting ancient travel. A closely related plant, also called totara, is used extensively by inhabitants of the area around Lake Titicaca - for thatching, for construction of mats, even for building boats. (Heiser, 1985) = PlantTrivia
1948 Mohandas K. Gandhi is shot and killed by a member of the high Hindu caste. World Council of Churches formed. The Jewish state of Israel is created, causing the Arab-Israeli War. The International Law Commission holds their first conference on the law of the sea. The Berlin Blockade is put into affect. = Christy's
1948 The Displaced Persons Act made general provisions for the immigration of displaced persons in Eastern Europe, including ethnic Germans, to the United States. = GermansInAm
1948 The Marshall Plan, in conjunction with currency reform, jump starts the German economy into the "economic miracle" of postwar recovery = German American
1949 Basic English Bible, only 1000 words, simple and direct style = Christianity
1949 Discovery of Qumran (Essenes?) scrolls, aka Dead Sea scrolls (see 68) = Christianity
1949 The Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic founded; Germany divided until 1990 = German American
1949 ~Newfoundland becomes (the tenth) province of Canada. Mao proclaims the creation of the People's Republic of China. NATO pact is signed. Indonesia is declared independent. A coup is led in Lebanon to try and promote union with Syria. = Christy's
1949 Italy becomes a member of NATO = Tour Italy
1950s Between 1951 and 1960, 580,000 Germans immigrated to the United States. = GermansInAm
1950 128,600 Germans immigrate = German American
1950 India becomes a republic. Turkey has it's first free election. the Chinese occupy Tibet . North Korea invades South Korea-Red China assists North; U.N. troops aid the South. Jordon annexes West Bank. = Christy's
1950 Korean War (to 1953).= Canada
27Aug1950 Army seized all railroads on Truman's order to prevent a general strike; roads returned to owners in 1952. WorldAlman
01Nov1950 Two members of a Puerto Rican nationalist movement tried to kill Pres. Truman. WorldAlman
1951 the Mossadeq government of Iran nationalizes it's oil industry. Britain and the US impose sanctions on Iran. Ireland is declared an independent republic. Computers are sold commercially. = Christy's
29Mar1951 Julius Rosenberg, his wife Ethel, and Morton Sobell, all US citizens, were found guilty of conspiracy to commit wartime espionage. Rosenbergs were sentenced to death, Sobell to 30 years. Rosenbergs were executed 19Jun1953. Sobell released 14Jan1969. WorldAlman
11Apr1951 Gen. Douglas MacArthur was removed from his Korea command by Pres. Truman for unauthorized policy statements. WorldAlman
04Sep1951 Transcontinental television inaugurated with Pres. Truman's address at the Japanese Peace Treaty Conference in San Francisco. WorldAlman
1952-Present Elizabeth II Queen of England = Christianity
1952 Poland adopts a constitution similar to Russia's. Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain is crowned. Egypt is declared a republic. The Bolivian government (the Movimento NaCional Revolucionario) nationalizes a large number of mines formerly belonging to tin barons, and produces the state mining coporation, the COMIBOL. Fuller designs his dome. West Berlin reports taking in 16,000 refugees from East in August. Peking reports 40% of farm workers have been organized into cooperatives. In Cuba Castro is imprisoned after a failed uprising. Matyas Rakosi, the Hungarian Communist party's general secretary, becomes prime minister. Viet Minh guerrilla forces gain control of the countryside, in Vietnam. = Christy's
1952 Gen. Eisenhower elected President = German American
08Apr1952 US seizure of nation's steel mills was ordered by Pres. Truman to avert a strike. Ruled illegal by Supreme Court 02Jun. WorldAlman
1953 Oil production in Iran stopped because it couldn't be sold on the world market. US overthrows the Iran Mossadeq government calling it's leader "the madman". Rosa Parks refuses to move to back of the bus (Montgomery, AL). Korean War ends. Stalin dies. The French establish a garrison camp at Dien Bien Phu (in Vietnam). = Christy's
1954 Iran signs an oil agreement with companies from Britain, US, France and Netherlands. U.S.S.R. launches Sputnik. Cathy Settle is born. Gamal Abdel Nasser becomes president of Egypt. The British sign an agreement to withdraw their troops from Egypt. Nigeria becomes a federation. The Americans paid about 78% of the French war effort in Indo-China. The French are defeated in Dien Bien Phu. In August there is a conference at Geneva about Korea and Vietnam, with nine-powers meeting. The government of Guatemala is overthrown in a US backed coup. = Christy's
1954 City of Trieste returned to Italy = Tour Italy
01Mar1954 Five members of Congress were wounded in the House by four Puerto Rican independence supporters who fired at random from a spectator's gallery. WorldAlman
22Apr1954 Sen. Joseph McCarthy led televised hearings until 17Jun into alleged Communist influence in the Army. WorldAlman
17May1954 Racial segregation in public schools was unanimously ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court as a violation of the 14th Admendment clause guaranteeing equal protection of the laws. WorldAlman
02Dec1954 Condemnation of Sen. Joseph R McCarthy (R WI) voted by Senate, 67-22 for contempt of a Senate elections subcommittee, for abuse of its members and for insults to the Senate during his Army investigation hearings. WorldAlman
1955 Iran, Iraq, Britian, Turkey, and Palestine signs the Baghdad Pact. Martin Luther King Jr., leads black boycott of Montgomery buses. Castro is released from prison in Cuba but flees to Mexico. The Warsaw pact is signed. Indonesian President Sukarno organized the Afro-Asian conference in Bandung, starting the Non-Aliance Movement between third world countries that did not wish to align to either side of the Cold War. Ngo Dinh Diem became prime minister in South Vietnam. = Christy's
1955 Ayn Rand writes her masterpiece novel "Atlas Shrugged" (original title "The Strike") it soon becomes a classic and is voted as the most inspirational book of the ten most inspirational books amongst the American public in a 2000 nationwide poll of the US Library of Congress. USLC Talking Book Program
31May1955 Supreme Court ordered "all deliberate speed" in integration of public schools. WorldAlman
01Dec1955 Rosa Parks refused to give her seat to a white man on a bus in Montgomery, AL. Bus segragation ordinance declared unconstitutional by a federal court following boycott and NAACP protest. WorldAlman
1956 Nikita Khrushchev, head of the USSR Communist party, takes control of the government. After anti-Russian riots, Polish communist Wladislaw Gomulka became the head of the government of Poland . Seat belts first added to cars. Egypt nationalizes the Suez Canal. Israel invades Egypt. The Hungarian revolution is suppressed by Soviet troups. = Christy's
1956 Italy joins European Community = Tour Italy
1956 G. Pincus disclosed that a drug derived from the yam, Dioscorea, could stop ovulation, therefore preventing conception - allowing production of a birth control "pill" to replace the previous need for an injection. (Heiser, 1981) [See 1940] = PlantTrivia
12Mar1956 Massive resistance to Supreme Court desegregation rulings was called for by 101 Southern congressmen. WorldAlman
29Jun1956 Federal-Aid Highway Act signed inaugurating interstate highway system. WorldAlman
25Sep1956 First transatlantic telephone cable in operation. WorldAlman
1957 United Church of Christ founded by ecumenical union of Congregationalists and Evangelical & Reformed, representing Calvinists and Lutherans = Christianity
1957 John George Diefenbaker is elected Prime Minister of Canada. Russia launches the first artificial satellite, Sputnik. The Eastern and Western regions of Nigeria receive internal self-governing status. = Christy's
1957 Viet Nam War (to 1975). = Canada
1957 Extracts from the common periwinkle were found effective in the treatment of childhood leukemia. (Simpson, 1989) = PlantTrivia
1957 Argonne National Laboratory, near Chicago, activates first experimental nuclear power generating system in United States. First privately financed nuclear plant in United States dedicated in Morris in 1960. = ILGenWeb
29Apr1957 Congress approved first civil rights bill for blacks since Reconstruction, to protect voting rights. WorldAlman
04Sep1957 National Guardsmen, called out by Arkansas Gov. Orval Faubus, barred nine black students from entering previously all-white Central High School in Little Rock. Faubus complied 21Sep with a federal court order to remove the National Guardsmen. The blacks entered school 23Sep but were ordered to withdraw by local authorities because of fear of mob violence. Pres. Eisenhower sent federal troops 24Sep to enforce the court's order. WorldAlman
1958-1963 Pope John XXIII = Christianity
1958 J. B. Phillip's NT, uses only commonly spoken language = Christianity
1958 Mexican women allowed to vote in a presidential election for the first time. On July 14 the Hashemite monarchy (of Iraq) is overthrown in a bloody coup headed by General Abd al-Karim Qassem. In December 33 year old ~Fidel Castro becomes ruler of Cuba. The US launches its first satellite. The Shell Oil company first starts drilling in Ogoni. The U.S. intervenes in Lebanon when Pro-Nasser Arabs lead a revolution. = Christy's
1958 The US established its main seed bank, the National Seed Storage Laboratory, in Ft. Collins, Colorado, where over 250,000 seed samples are maintained. This is one of the 19 seed-storage facilities in the US that constitute the National Plant Germplasm System. (Levetin & McMahon, 1996) = PlantTrivia
1958 Illinois Tollway opened. = ILGenWeb
31Jan1958 First US earth satellite to go into orbit, Explorer I, launched by Army at Cape Canaveral, FL; discovered Van Allen radiation belt. WorldAlman
10Dec1958 First domestic jet airline passenger service in US opened by National Airlines between NY and Miami. WorldAlman
1959 Statement of Faith (United Church of Christ) = Christianity
1959 Chinese forces conqueror Tibet. Red China and Russia quarrel over communist policies toward the West. The Northern region of Nigeria recieves internal self-governing status. Barbie dolls go on sale for the first time. = Christy's
1959 Opening of St. Lawrence Seaway makes Chicago an ocean port. = ILGenWeb
03Jan1959 49th state admitted into the union, Alaska Jan. 3, 1959; having been settled by 1784 =infoplease
03Jan1959 Alaska admitted as 49th state. WorldAlman
25Apr1959 St Lawrence Seaway opened. WorldAlman
21Aug1959 50th state admitted into the union, Hawaii Aug. 21, 1959; having been settled by 1820=infoplease
21Aug1959 Hawaii admitted as 50th state. WorldAlman
15Sep1959 Soviet Premier Khrushchev paid unprecedented visit to US until 27Sep, made transcontinental tour. WorldAlman
1960 Belgian Congo (Zaire) is granted its independence, and five days later the Congolese army mutinied and the UN is called in. Nigeria wins independence from Britian and is admitted membership to the United Nations. OPEC is formed by Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela. = Christy's
1960s Between 1961 and 1970, 210,000 Germans immigrated to the United States. = GermansInAm
1960s High-voltage power transmission lines begin to be erected in BC= Canada
01Feb1960 Sit-ins began when four black college students in Greensboro, NC refused to move from a Woolworth lunch counter when denied service. By Sep1961 more than 70,000 students, whites and blacks, had participated in sit-ins. WorldAlman
01Apr1960 US launched first weather satellite, Tiros I. WorldAlman
21Apr1960 Congress approved a strong voting rights act. WorldAlman
01May1960 A U-2 reconnaisance plane of the US was shot down in the Soviet Union. The incident led to cancellation of an imminent Paris summit conference. WorldAlman
17Sep1960 Mobs attacked US embassy in Panama in dispute over flying of US and Panamanian flags. WorldAlman
1961 New English Bible, renders original Basic English Bible for private use = Christianity
1961 Poland started a five-year program to increase production. The Berlin wall is built, dividing East and West Berlin. Famine in Red China after three years of crop failure and floods. Amnesty International is founded, to promote human rights and protect the rights of political prisoners. America invades Cuba in the unsuccessful Bay of Pigs invasion. Yuri Gagarin becomes the first human to travel in space. The northern section of the British Cameroons votes to become part of Nigeria. Kuwait gains independence. British troops stop Iraqi attempt to annex Kuwait. Another coup is launched in Lebanon to try and promote union with Syria. The Central American Common Market is formed providing a "free trade zone"in El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. = Christy's
03Jan1961 The US severed diplomatic and consular relations with Cuba, after disputes over nationalizations of US firms, US military presence at Guantanamo base, etc. WorldAlman
17Apr1961 Invasion of Cuba's "Bay of Pigs" by Cuban exiles trained, armed, and directed by the US, attempting to overthrow the regime of Premier Fidel Castro, was repulsed. WorldAlman
05May1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr was rocketed from Cape Canaveral, FL, 116.5 miles above the earth in a Mercury capsule in the first US manned sub-orbital space flight. WorldAlman
1962-1965 Second Vatican Council, 21st ecumenical, announced by Pope John XXIII in 1959, produced 16 documents which became official after approval by the Pope, purpose to renew "ourselves and the flocks committed to us" (Pope John XXIII) = Christianity
1962 an earthquake in Iran kills more than 12,000 people. Chinese communist forces invade India and then withdraw. The General Assembly of the United Nations calls for sanctions to be imposed on South Africa. Cuban Missile Crisis. American Airlines inaugurate a system (SABER) for airline reservation, thus linking thousands of agencies, reservation terminals and ticket desks. = Christy's
14Feb1962 Pres. Kennedy said US military advisers in Vietnam would fire if fired upon. WorldAlman
20Feb1962 Lt Col John H Glenn Jr became the first American in orbit when he circled the earth three times in the Mercury capsule Friendship 7. WorldAlman
Jul1962 First US communications satellite launched. WorldAlman
01Oct1962 James Meredith became the first black student at Univ. of Mississippi after 3000 troops put down riots. WorldAlman
22Oct1962 A Soviet offensive missile buildup in Cuba was revealed by Pres. Kennedy, who ordered a naval and air quarantine on shipment of offensive military equipment to the island. Kennedy and Soviet Premier Khrushchev reached agreement 28Oct on a formula to end the crisis. Kennedy announced 02Nov that Soviet missile bases in Cuba were being dismantled. WorldAlman
1963-1978 Pope Paul VI = Christianity
1963 Women are allowed to vote in Iran. Lester Bowles Pearson is elected Prime Minister of Canada. John F. Kennedy shot in Dallas, Texas. Nigeria adopts a republican form of government with Nnamdi Azikiwe as president. In Vietnam Buddhist monks burned themself in the streets to protest the corrupt government. The American government turned against the Ngo Dnh Diem (prime minister of South Vietnam) and helped with a coup to over throw him. The Ba'th Party in Iraq overthrows Qassem (executing him) and seizes power. = Christy's
1963 New federal prison opened at Marion. = ILGenWeb
17Jul1963 Supreme Court ruled, 8-1, that laws requiring recitation of the Lord's Prayer or Bible verses in public schools were unconstitutional. WorldAlman
28Aug1963 Washington demonstration by 200,000 persons in support of black demands for equal rights. Highlight was speech in which Dr Martin Luther King said: "I have a dream that this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of the creed, 'We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal.'" WorldAlman
02Nov1963 South Vietnam Pres. Ngo Dinh Diem assassinated; US had earlier withdrawn support. WorldAlman
22Nov1963 President John F Kennedy was shot and fatally wounded as he rode in a motorcade through downtown Dallas, TX. Vice President Lyndon B Johnson was inaugurated president shortly after in Dallas. Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested and charged with the murder. Oswald was shot and fatally wounded 24Nov by Jack Ruby, 52, a Dallas nightclub owner, who was convicted of murder 14Mar1964 and sentenced to death. Ruby died of natural causes 03Jan1967 while awaiting retrial. WorldAlman
31Dec1963 US troops in Vietnam totalled over 15,000 by year-end; aid to South Vietnam was over $500 million in 1963. WorldAlman
1964 In USA poll taxes for Federal elections are finally ended. Indian Prime Minister Nehru dies, and his power is passed to the Syndicate (five chief ministers), Lal Bahadur Shastri becomes prime minister. Red China challenges Russia for leadership of the communist bloc of nations. Revolts against Portuguese rule begin in Mozambique (Southeast Africa). Fighting in Vietnam extends into North Vietnam after an American destroyer was allegedly attacked by Vietnamese gunboats. The CIA funnels up to $20 million dollars into Chile to insure that Eduardo Frei is elected as President instead of Allende (a Marxist). = Christy's
1964 The Surgeon General’s Report connected smoking with lung cancer, heart disease, emphysema, and other diseases. [See 1761](Levetin & McMahon, 1996) = PlantTrivia
09Jan1964 Panama suspended relations with US after riots. The US offered 18Dec to negotiate a new canal treaty. WorldAlman
17Feb1964 Supreme Court ordered that congressional districts have equal populations. WorldAlman
27May1964 US reported it was sending military planes to Laos. WorldAlman
22Jun1964 Three civil rights workers were reported missing in Mississippi; found buried 04Aug. Twenty-one white men were arrested. On 20Oct1967, an all-white federal jury convicted 7 of conspiracy in the slayings. WorldAlman
07Aug1964 US Congress passed Tonkin Resolution, authorizing presidential action in Vietnam, after North Vietnam boats reportedly attacked two US destroyers 02Aug. WorldAlman
11Aug1964 Congress approved War on Poverty bill. WorldAlman
27Sep1964 The Warren Commission released a report concluding that Lee Harvey Oswald was solely responsible for the Kennedy assassination. WorldAlman
1965 Canada adopts the Maple Leaf as it's flag. Pakistanis and India fight over the border. In Indonesia there is a mass murder of communists by General Suharto. Generals Nguyen Ky and Ngyen Van Thieu gain control of the government in South Vietnam. Nicolae Ceasescu gains power in Romania. = Christy's
Feb1965 Pres. Johnson ordered continuous bombing of North Vietnam below the 20th parallel. WorldAlman
28Apr1965 Some 14,000 US troops sent to Dominican Republic during civil war. All troops withdrawn by next year. WorldAlman
06Aug1965 New Voting Rights Act signed. WorldAlman
11Aug1965 Los Angeles riot until 16Aug by blacks living in Watts area resulted in death of 34 persons and property damage estimated at $200 million. WorldAlman
21Sep1965 Water Quality Act passed to meet pollution, shortage problems. WorldAlman
03Oct1965 National origins quota system of immigration abolished. WorldAlman
09Nov1965 Electric power failure blacked out most of north-eastern US, parts of 2 Canadian provinces at night. WorldAlman note: There was a large population boom in Aug1966
1966 RSV Catholic Edition, a joint effort between Catholics and the Church of England, a big step towards a common Catholic/Protestant Bible = Christianity
1966 Floods in Venice and Florence = Tour Italy
1966 Jerusalem Bible, translation from original languages based on Bible de Jerusalem, Catholic version = Christianity
1966 Cleve Backster starts performing his experiments on plant consciousness. Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri dies of a heart attack, and Indira Gandhi (daughter of Nehru) becomes prime minister. The man, Walt Disney, dies of lung cancer at age 65. General Suharto establishes a dictatorship in Indonesia. A military dictatorship is established in Nigeria. On February 23 a military coup gives power in Damascus (Syria) to a radical Marxist faction. France withdraws from NATO, and NATO headquarters are moved from Paris to Brussels. = Christy's
1966 Weston designated site for world's largest atomic research facility. = ILGenWeb
01May1966 US forces began firing into Cambodia. WorldAlman
29Jun1966 Bombing of Hanoi area of North Vietnam by US planes. WorldAlman
01Jul1966 Medicare, government program to pay part of the medical expenses of citizens over 65 began. WorldAlman
08Nov1966 Edward Brooke (R Mass) elected as first black US senator in 85 years. WorldAlman
31Dec1966 385,300 US troops were stationed in South Vietnam, plus 60,000 offshore and 33,000 in Thailand. WorldAlman
1967 First successful human heart transplant lead by Dr. Barnard. Grissom, White and Chaffe burned to death in Apollo 1. A national election in India leaves the Congress party with only 55% of the seats, and no longer the one-party system it had before. The Six Day War . The "Treaty of Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space" is made law by the United Nations. = Christy's
1967 High-fructose corn syrup was introduced commercially by Clinton Corn Processing Co. (of Clinton, Iowa.) Manufactured using their patented enzyme Isomerose, the fructose sweetness of corn syrup was raised from 14% to 42%. With rising sugar prices, "Isosweet" became the sweetener for all major soft drinks. (Fussell, 1992) = PlantTrivia
12Jul1967 Black riots in Newark, NJ until 17Jul killed 26, injured 1500; over 1000 arrested. WorldAlman
23Jul1967 Until 30Jul at least 40 died; 2000 injured, 5000 homeless by rioting, looting, burning in city's black ghetto. Quelled by 4700 federal paratroopers and 8000 National Guardsmen. WorldAlman
31Dec1967 475,000 US troops were in South Vietnam, all North Vietnam was subject to bombing. Protests against the war mounted in US during the year. WorldAlman
1968 In February the Iraqi Ba'th party holds establishes its own pan-Arab National Command, seperate from the Ba'th party in Syria. Pierre Elliott Trudeau is elected Prime Minister of Canada. Soviets invade Czechoslovakia to prevent the Czechoslovakian government from carrying through with their reforms. The Viet Cong attack all American bases in Vietnam - the Tet Offensive. Polish leader Wladyslaw Gomulka helps stir up anti-Semetic feelings, and within the next two years most of Poland's 30,000 Jews are forced to leave. The US, USSR and Britian sign the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. = Christy's
1968 Head of the US Foreign Aid Program, W. Gaud, coined the term "Green Revolution." [See 1970] (Levetin & McMahon, 1996) = PlantTrivia
1968-69 Student and workers’ struggle = Tour Italy
1968 Society for German-American Studies established = German American
30Jan1968 "Tet offensive": Communist troops attacked Saigon, 30 provincial capitals, suffer heavy casualities. WorldAlman
31Mar1968 Pres. Johnson curbed bombing of North Vietnam. Peace talks began in Paris 10May. All bombing of North halted 31Oct. WorldAlman
04Apr1968 Martin Luther King, 39, assassinated in Memphis, TN. James Earl Ray, an escaped convict, pleaded guilty to the slaying, was sentenced to 99 years. WorldAlman
05Jun1968 Sen. Robert F Kennedy (D, NY) 42, shot in Hotel Ambassador, Los Angeles, after celebrating presidential primary victories. Died 06Jun. Sirhan Bishara Sirhan, Jordanian, convicted of murder. WorldAlman
Nov1968 Rep. Shirley Chisholm (D NY) became the first black woman elected to Congress. WorldAlman
1969 Fascist bomb at Piazza Fontana, Milan; anarchist Pietro Valpreda arrested; autunno caldo = Tour Italy
1969 Wernher von Braun and other German-American scientists provide leadership for US space program and moon landing = German American
1969 Apollo 11 lands on the moon. Soviet troops near Damansky Island are ambushed by the Chinese. The Soviets start reinforcing their border wtih more guards. War between the Honduras and El Savador is brought on largely by economic problems. = Christy's
18Jan1969 Expanded four-party Vietnam peace talks began. US force peaked at 543,000 in April. Withdrawal started 08Jul. Pres. Nixon set Vietnamization policy 03Nov. WorldAlman
20Jul1969 US astronaut Neil A Armstrong, 38, commander of the Apollo 11 mission, became the first man to set foot on the moon. Air Force Col. Edwin E Aldrin Jr accompanied Armstrong. WorldAlman
15Nov1969 Anti-Vietnam War demonstrations reached peak in US; some 250,000 marched in Washington, DC 15Nov. WorldAlman
16Nov1969 Massacre of hundreds of civilians at Mylai, South Vietnam in 1968 was reported. WorldAlman
1970 Confraternity Version, new Catholic translation from the originals which began before 1939 as a translation from the Vulgate, but ending up as a new translation from the Hebrew (OT) and Greek (NT). = Christianity
1970 in the 1970s Victor Crewe, a physicist promotes the use of a scanning electron microscope. Also in the seventies ~Iraq nationalizes it's oil industry. Libya also nationalizes it's oil, building up a better health care, and education system. US President Nixon calls the Libyan leader a "Hitler", "terrorist" and a "mad dog". E.M. Forester, a British writer, dies. Civil war in Nigeria ends when Biafram resistance is overcome. Economic problems cause price increases in Poland. Allende is elected President of Chile despite efforts of the CIA to see that he is not. Greenpeace is founded in Vancouver, Canada to protest nuclear testing in the Pacific. In March Prince Norodom Shianouk of Cambodia is driven out of power and General Lon Nol takes over. General Lon Nol attempts to drive the Vienamese Communist troops out of Cambodia. American and South Vietnamese forces enter Cambodia and protests in America, against that move, end up causing the closure of 75 American colleges for the rest of the term. Egyptian President Nasser dies on September 28th. On September 16 Jordan's King Hussein launches an attempt to drive the Palestinian Liberation Organization out of Jordan. = Christy's
1970s Between 1971 and 1980, 65,000 Germans immigrated to the United States. = GermansInAm
1970s Metric system of land measurement comes into use in Canada= Canada
Feet become the standard unit of land measurement= Canada
1970 New state constitution adopted. = ILGenWeb
18Feb1970 A federal jury found the "Chicago 7" innocent of conspiring to incite riots during the 1968 Democratic National Convention. However, 5 were convicted of crossing state lines with intent to incite riots. WorldAlman
22Apr1970 Millions of Americans participated in anti-pollution demonstrations to mark the first Earth Day. WorldAlman
30Apr1970 US and South Vietnamese forces crossed Cambodian borders to get at enemy bases. WorldAlman
04May1970 Four students were killed at Kent St Univ in Ohio by National Guardsmen during a protest against the war. WorldAlman
1971 New American Standard Bible, updated the ASV using recent Hebrew and Greek textual discoveries = Christianity
1971 An American table-tennis team is invited to compete in Red China - a sign of improving relations between Red China and US. = Christy's
08Feb1971 US air and artillery forces aided a 44-day incursion by South Vietnam forces into Laos. WorldAlman
26Dec1971 US bombers struck massively in North Vietnam for 5 days in retaliation for alleged violations of agreements reached prior to the 1968 bombing halt. WorldAlman
31Dec1971 US forces at year-end were down to 140,000. WorldAlman
1972 In January British soldiers open fire on an unarmed civilian demonstration in Ireland . US President Nixon visits Red China. Watergate scandal. The United States and the Soviet Union sign the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks agreement (SALT I). = Christy's
1972 DDT (dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane) usage was banned in the US. (Levetin & McMahon, 1996) = PlantTrivia
21Feb1972 Pres. Nixon arrived in Peking for an 8-day visit to Red China, which he called a "journey for peace." The unprecedented visit ended with a joint communique pledging that both powers would work for "a normalization of relations." WorldAlman
22Mar1972 By a vote of 84 to 8, the Senate approved a Constitutional Admendment banning discrimination against women because of their sex and sent the measure to the states for ratification. WorldAlman
30Mar1972 North Vietnamese forces launched the biggest attacks in 4 years across the demilitarized zone. WorldAlman
15Apr1972 The US resumed bombing of Hanoi and Haiphong after a 4-year lull. WorldAlman
08May1972 Nixon announced the mining of North Vietnam ports. WorldAlman
15May1972 Alabama Gov. George C Wallace, campaigning at a Laurel, MD shopping center was shot and seriously wounded as he greeted a large crowd. Arthur H Bremer, 21, was sentenced 04Aug to 63 years for shooting Wallace and three bystanders. WorldAlman
22May1972 In the first visit of a US president to Moscow, Nixon arrived for a week of summit talks with Kremlin leaders which culminated in a landmark strategic arms pact. WorldAlman
17Jun1972 Five men were arrested for breaking into the offices of the Democratic National Committee in the Watergate office complex in Washington, DC. WorldAlman
11Aug1972 Last US combat troops left South Vietnam. WorldAlman
18Dec1972 Full-scale bombing of North Vietnam resumed after Paris peace negotiations reached an impasse. WorldAlman
1973 Fuerth-born Henry A. Kissinger becomes Secretary of State and receives Nobel Peace Prize = German American
1973 The Who's "Tommy" premieres in London. Vietnam War cease-fire signed. Anwar Sadat fights October war with Israel; Arabs cut oil supplies to supporters of Israel. The Afghanistan monarchy is overthrown by the king's cousin, Mohammad Daoud Khan. Allende, the President of Chile is killed in a coup d'état aided by the American government, and his Marxist government is replaced by a military junta. Military coup in Uruguay. = Christy's
1973 Sears Tower, world's tallest building at 1,450 feet, completed in Chicago. = ILGenWeb
11Jan1973 Five of seven defendants in the Watergate break-in trial pleaded guilty today and 15Jan, and the other two were convicted 30Jan. WorldAlman
22Jan1973 The Supreme Court ruled 7-2 that a state may not prevent a woman from having an abortion during the first six months of pregnancy, invalidating abortion laws in Texas and Georgia, and, by implication, overturning restrictive abortion laws in 44 other states. WorldAlman
27Jan1973 Four-party Vietnam peace pacts were signed in Paris. WorldAlman
27Jan1973 The end of the military draft was announced. WorldAlman
29Mar1973 Last US troops left South Vietnam. WorldAlman
01Apr1973 North Vietnam released some 590 US Prisoners to date. WorldAlman
25Jun1973 John Dean, Former Nixon counsel, told Senate hearings that Nixon, his staff and campaign aides, and the Justice Department all had conspired to cover up Watergate facts. WorldAlman
23Jul1973 Nixon refused to release tapes of relevant White House conversations. WorldAlman
10Oct1973 Vice Pres. Spiro T Agnew resigned and pleaded "nolo contendere" (no contest) to charges of tax evasion on payments made to him by Maryland contractors when he was governor of that state. WorldAlman
12Oct1973 Gerald Rudolph Ford became first appointed vice president under the 25th Admendment; sworn in 06Dec. WorldAlman
19Oct1973 A total ban on oil exports to the US was imposed by Arab oil-producing nations after the outbreak of an Arab-Israeli war. The ban was lifted 18Mar1974. WorldAlman
20Oct1973 Atty. Gen. Elliot Richardson resigned, and his deputy William D Ruckelshaus and Watergate Special Prosecutor Archibald Cox were fired by Pres. Nixon when Cox threatened to secure a judicial ruling that Nixon was violating a court order to turn tapes over to Watergate case Judge John Sirica. WorldAlman
01Nov1973 Leon Jaworski, conservative Texas Democrat, was named by the Nixon administration to be special prosecutor to succeed Archibald Cox. WorldAlman
26Nov1973 Some tapes were turned over to the court by Nixon. WorldAlman
1974 Referendum approves divorce = Tour Italy
1974 Crack cocaine makes its first documented appearance in California. US President Richard Nixon resigns. On November 12, South Africa is expelled from the United Nations. = Christy's
04Feb1974 Patricia (Patty) Hearst kidnapped in San Francisco. WorldAlman
18Mar1974 OPEC ban on oil imports to US was lifted. WorldAlman
09May1974 Impeachment hearings were opened against Nixon by the House Judiciary Committee. WorldAlman
24Jul1974 The US Supreme Court ruled 8-0 that Nixon had to turn over 64 tapes of White House conversations sought by Watergate Special Prosecutor Leon Jaworski. WorldAlman
24Jul1974 The House Judiciary Committee, in televised hearings recommended 3 articles of impeachment against Nixon. WorldAlman
30Jul1974 The first, voted 27-11 27Jul, charged Nixon with taking part in a criminal conspiracy to obstruct justice in the Watergate cover-up. The second, voted 28-10 29Jul charged he "repeatedly" failed to carry out his constitutional oath in a series of alleged abuse of power. The third, voted 27-17 30Jul, accused him of unconstitutional defiances of committee subpoenas. WorldAlman
05Aug1974 Nixon's support began eroding when he released three tapes, admitting he originated plans to have the FBI stop its probe of the Watergate break-in for political as well as national security reasons. WorldAlman
09Aug1974 Nixon resigned; Vice President Gerald R Ford was sworn in as the 38th US president. WorldAlman
20Aug1974 The House of Representatives voted without debate by 412-3, to accept the House Judiciary Committee report, which included the recommended impeachment articles. WorldAlman
08Sep1974 An unconditional pardon to ex-Pres. Nixon for all federal crimes that he "committed or may have committed" while president was issued by Pres. Gerald Ford. WorldAlman
1975-77 Decentralization through regional laws = Tour Italy
1975 Microsoft is founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen. ~Mozambique becomes an independent country. SEATO is dissolved. Fighting breaks out in Lebanon between Lebanese Muslims and the Maronite-dominated Phalange faction. In the Honduras, news that American owned fruit company - United Brands - had bribed the government leads to a coup by Colonel Juan Alberto Melgar Castro. = Christy's
01Jan1975 Found guilty of Watergate cover-up charges were ex-Atty. Gen. John N Mitchell, ex-presidential advisers H R Haldeman and John D Ehrlichman. WorldAlman
29Apr1975 US civilians were evacuted from Saigon as communist forces completed takeover of South Vietnam. WorldAlman
16May1975 Congress voted $405 million for South Vietnam refugees; 140,000 were flown to the US. WorldAlman
18Sep1975 FBI agents captured Patricia (Patty) Hearst, with others. She was kidnapped 04Feb1974 in San Francisco. She was indicted for bank robbery, a San Francisco jury convicted her 20Mar1976. WorldAlman
1976 US Bicentennial also marks beginning of "roots" awareness = German American
1976 Apple Computer founded by college drop outs Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak. In September Mao Tse-tung, leader of Red China since 1949, dies of Parkinson's disease. = Christy's
04Jul1976 The US celebrated its Bicentennial, marking the 200th anniversary of its indepedence with festivals, parades, and NYC's Operation Sail, a gathering of tall ships from around the world viewed by 6 million people. WorldAlman
1977 The five rings around Uranus are discovered. Elvis Presley dies (although a few still see him?). = Christy's
1977 The perfectly preserved corpse (from the 2nd century B.C.) of the wife of the Marquis of Tai was found in Ch’ang-sha, China. In addition to melon seed discovered in her intestines, the tomb contained a bowl of peaches. Belief since the Ch’in Dynasty held that peaches "eaten in time" would preserve the body from deterioration forever. This custom survives today in the tradition of shoutao - the long life peach - a steamed roll served on birthdays. (Root, 1980) = PlantTrivia
21Jan1977 Pres. Jimmy Carter pardoned most Vietnam War draft evaders, who numbered some 10,000. WorldAlman
1978 Pope John Paul I = Christianity
1978 New International Version, used eclectic Greek text, Massoretic Hebrew text, and current English style = Christianity
1978-Present Pope John Paul II, reaffirmed conservative moral traditions (The Splendor of Truth) and the forbidding of women in the priesthood = Christianity
1978 Sweden becomes the first nation to curb aerosol sprays to halt destruction of the ozone. First test-tube baby born in London. Mass murder-suicide in Jonestown, Guyana. Afghanistan dictator Mohammad Daoud Khan is arrested, forced from office, and executed. Karol Wojtyla becomes Pope John Paul II, the first non-Italian to be chosen as pope since 1522. Israel invades Lebanon. In the Honduras Colonel Melgar is ousted in a military coup led by General Policarpo Paz García. = Christy's
18Apr1978 US Senate voted to turn over the Panama Canal to Panama on 31Dec1999; 16Mar vote had given approval to a treaty guaranteeing the area's neutrality after the year 2000. WorldAlman
06Sep1978 The House Select Committee on Assassinations opened hearings into assassinations of Pres. Kennedy & Martin Luther King Jr; the committee recessed 30Dec after concluding conspiracies likely in both cases, but with no further hard evidence for further prosecutions. WorldAlman
1979-1982? New King James Bible, complete revision of 1611 AV, updates archaisms while retaining style = Christianity
1979 in ~Nicaragua the Sandinista army overthrew dictator Anastasio Somoza. Margaret Thatcher is elected Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Alhaji Shehu Shagari is elected President of Nigeria, and starts on his plan to increase agriculture and lessen the demand for imported food. Mother Teresa accepts the Nobel Peace Prize. = Christy's
1979 Liquid balsam produced by species of Copaifera (copaiba tree) was found to be so similar in composition to diesel fuel that it could be utilized (with no further processing) to power a diesel engine. (Lewington,1990) = PlantTrivia
28Mar1979 A major accident occurred at a nuclear reactor on Three Mile Island near Middletown, PA. WorldAlman
04Nov1979 Some 90 people, including 63 Americans, were taken hostage at the American embassy in Teheran, Iran, by militant student followers of Ayatollah Khomeini who demanded the return of former Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, who was undergoing medical treatment in NY City. WorldAlman
1980 Earthquake in Campania; fascist bomb at Bologna station = Tour Italy
1980 John Lennon is shot and killed in New York City. Zimbabwe gains independence from Britain. Iran-Iraq war begins. Voyager I sends back first pictures of Saturn. Ronald Reagan is elected President of the United States and following the ideas of supply-side economics begins to cut away at the federal spending and reduces income tax to the wealthy. Mrs. Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi becomes the prime minister of India again, after having lost her seat in 1977. Saddam Hussein becomes President of Iraq. Between 1980 - 1985 the US defence budget rose by 51%. Oil prices drop during the early 80s, throwing the economies of oil dependant countries like Nigeria into recession. General Policarpo Paz of the Honduras signs a peace treaty with El Savador. = Christy's
1980s Under the Ceausescu regime, Romania emerges as the poorest country in Europe; food shortages, rationing, power outages, and political surveillance become a way of life; Germans wishing to immigrate to Federal Republic of Germany must pay high sums for an exit visa in a process that may take years.= Bukovina
04Jan1980 Pres. Carter announced punitive measures against the USSR, incorporating an embargo on the sale of grain and high technology, in retaliation for the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. WorldAlman
12Apr1980 At Carter's request, the US Olympic Committee voted not to attend the Moscow Summer Olympics. WorldAlman
24Apr1980 Eight Americans were killed and five wounded in an ill-fated attempt to rescue the hostages held by Iranian militants at the US Embassy in Teheran. WorldAlman
18May1980 In Washington, Mt St Helens erupted in a violent blast estimated to be 500 times as powerful as the Hiroshima atomic bomb. The blast, followed by others on 05Jun and 12Jun, left about 60 dead, and economic losses estimated at nearly $3 billion. WorldAlman
04Nov1980 In a sweeping victory, Ronald Wilson Reagan was elected 40th President of the United States, defeating incumbent Jimmy Carter. The stunning GOP victory extended to the US Congess where Republicans gained control of the Senate and wrested 33 House seats from the Democrats. WorldAlman
08Dec1980 Former Beatle John Lennon was shot and killed outside his apartment in New York City. WorldAlman
1981-? Reported apparitions of Mary in Medjugorje, Yugoslavia, not yet approved/disapproved by the Catholic Church = Christianity
1981 AIDS is first recognized. Mammals are first cloned by Swiss scientists. American president Reagan gives the CIA permission to begin paramilitary operations against the Sandinista government (in Nicaragua ). = Christy's
1981 Hundreds of people in Spain became sick and died from consuming cheap olive oil that had been adulterated with French rapeseed oil. The rapeseed oil contained industrial aniline dyes and was manufactured only for use in steel mills. (Visser, 1986) = PlantTrivia
20Jan1981 Minutes after the inauguration of Pres. Ronald Reagan the 52 Americans who had been held hostage in Iran for 444 days were flown to freedom following an agreement in which the US agreed to return to Iran $8 billion in frozen assets. WorldAlman
30Mar1981 President Reagan was shot in the chest by a would-be assassin in Washington, DC as he walked to his limousine following an address. WorldAlman
03Aug1981 Federal air traffic controllers began an illegal nationwide strike after their union rejected the government's final offer for a new contract. Most of the 13,000 striking controllers defied the back-to-work order, and were dismissed by President Reagan 05Aug. WorldAlman
21Sep1981 In a 99-0 vote, the Senate confirmed the appointment of Sandra Day O'Connor as an associate justice of the US Supreme Court. She was the first woman appointed to that body. WorldAlman
1982 Economic recession= Canada
1982 Britain gives Canada the power to ammend it's own constitution. The first permanent artificial heart is transplanted in Cape Town, South Africa. Directed by the CIA, the Contras blow up two bridges in Nicaragua and begin the Contra revolution. Newly elected Lebanese president Bashir Gemayel is assasinated, and his brother Amin Gemayel is elected to replace him. IBM first introduces the personal computer. = Christy's
1982 The first genetically engineered crop was developed at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri. By 1994 the Flavr-Savr tomato became the first such plant approved for commercial marketing. The Flavr-Savr tomato was designed for slow fruit ripening and increased shop life. (Levetin & McMahon, 1996) = PlantTrivia
1983 U.S. President Reagan calls the Soviet Union an "evil empire". OPEC agrees to cut crude oil prices for the first time in it's 23 year history. Start of the cellular phone networks in US. Sweden's trade balance goes from a deficit of 6 billion krona in 1982 to a surplus of 11 billion krona. The government of Nigeria expels at least a million "unskilled" foreigners. After winning a re-election Nigerian president Shagari is deposed of in a coup led by Major General Buhari . Western forces pull out of Lebanon. Scientists studying the South Pole find a decrease in the ozone layer. In late October American President Reagan sends an invasion force to Grenada after a coup of pro-Cuban Marxists. First computer "mouse". = Christy's
1983 The United States and Germany celebrated the German-American Tricentennial, marking the 300th anniversary of German immigration to Pennsylvania. = GermansInAm
1983 Tricentennial of German Immigration (landing of the "Concord" with 13 Krefeld families and founding of Germantown in 1683). German-American Day, Oct. 6, reinstated = German American
1984 Brian Mulroney is elected Prime Minister of Canada. Mrs. Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi, the prime minister of India, is assassinated by her Sikh guards. Her son Rajiv Gandhi becomes prime minister. The United States signs a free-trade agreement with Israel that includes, amoung other things, a requirement that Israel would have to discuss all its industrial policies with the US before carrying them out. The Labour Party comes to power in New Zealand, winning an election by promising to protest French nuclear testing in the South Pacific. = Christy's
1985 The price of tin on the international market falls by half. Between 1985 and 1988 the American national deficit tripled. Mikhail Gorbachev becomes the leader of the Soviet Union. In November Reagan and Gorbachev meet in Geneva. Nigerian dictator Major General Buhari is overthrown in a coup led by Major General Babangida. José Azcona Hoyo is elected president of the Honduras. The luxury liner Titanic is found. In July a Greenpeace ship docked at New Zealand is blown up by the French, and New Zealand forbids ships armed with nuclear weapons from entering its waters. The US withdraws intelligence and military cooperation from New Zealand, and France threatens New Zealand with economic sanctions unless the agents responsible for blowing up the Greenpeace ship, whom have now been arrested, are released. New Zealand is forced to release them. = Christy's
1986 Space Shuttle Challenger (51-L) explodes 74 seconds after liftoff. US (supported by Britain) bombs Libya. Olof Palme, leader of the Social Democratic Party in Sweden is assassinated. A nuclear accident at a power plant in Chernobyl releases radioactive pollution. US president Ronald Reagan admits to having sold arms to Iran and using some of the profits to support the rebel Contras in Nicaragua. The "Single European Act" is signed. = Christy's
1987 Giovanni Goria youngest ever prime minister at the age of 44; II sorpasso , Italian GNP greater than that of the UK; general election, recovery of DC, decline of PCI = Tour Italy
1987 Popular Chicago Mayor Harold Washington dies in office. = ILGenWeb
1987 Gorbachev introduces the term "glasnost". Syrian troops occupy the Muslim sector in parts of Lebanon. Gorbachev travels to America and signs the Intermediate Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF) banning intermediate range nuclear missiles. = Christy's
1987 German-American Day was established by Congressional resolution and presidential proclamation. = GermansInAm
1988 Nicaraguan Contras and the Sandinista government reach a cease-fire agreement. End of Iran-Iraq war. Gorbachev introduces "perestroika ". Iraq attacks Curdish villages. The Geneva Accords on the war in Afghanistan are signed by Pakistan and Afghanistan. Benazir Bhutto (35) becomes the first female prime minister of a Muslim country when, on Dec. 2nd, she becomes prime minister of Pakistan. Prozac is first marketed by Eli Lilly. = Christy's
1989 ~Tenzin Gyatso , the 14th Dalai Lama (1935- ) recieves the Nobel Peace Prize. A US delegation demands that Iraq privatize it's oil industry, and Iraq refuses. Rajiv Gandhi loses his attempt at a re-election (to be prime minister of India again). Rwanda , having gone into debt when the price of coffee fell, is forced to turn to the IMF for help. Rafael Leonardo Callejas is elected president of the Honduras. Student protests in China are ended by government violence. = Christy's
1989 Peaceful dismantling of the Communist regimes begins in Eastern Europe following massive protests in Leipzig, Prague, Warsaw, Budapest, and Sofia; Berlin Wall comes down amidst great fanfare and celebrations, its pieces sold internationally as souvenirs of a bygone era. In Romania government resistance to demonstrators results in at least 70,000 deaths. After a dictatorship of twenty-four years, the rule of President and Party Secretary General Nicolae Ceausescu ends as he and his wife Eleana are executed after a summary trial.= Bukovina
1990 US Census: German-Americans are largest ethnic group / October 3, Germany reunited = German American
1990 Nelson Mandela is freed after 27 years in prison. East and West Germany reunite. Hubble Space Telescope is launched. Bush and Gorbachev agree to cut nuclear arms and chemical weapons. Yeltsin is elected president of Russia. Ukraine declares it's sovereignty. Iraq invades Kuwait. British prime minister Margaret Thatcher resigns and is succeeded by John Major. Fighting begins between the Rwandan Patriotic Front and the Rwandan government. Mozambique (a country in Southeast Africa) begins working towards a mutli-party democracy. Yemen Arab Republic and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen merge. Chile returns to democracy after 17 years under a dictator, and Augusto Pinochet is replaced by Patricio Awlyn Azocar. = Christy's
1990 Tornado kills 28 people and injures more than 300 when it destroys neighborhoods in Joliet, Oswego, and Plainfield area. = ILGenWeb
1990 According to the Bureau of the Census, 58 million Americans claimed to be solely or partially of German descent. German Americans were highly assimilated, and the use of German in the United States had declined dramatically. Some German language newspapers continued to be published in the United States, for example the California Staats-Zeitung . = GermansInAm
1991 Italian warplanes participate in Gulf war = Tour Italy
1991 Six republics of Yugoslavia, including Slovenia and Croatia declare themself independent. Allied forces launch a six week air attack on Iraq. Rajiv Gandhi is assassinated while campaigning for an election in India. A coup is launched against Mikhail Gorbachev, and although the coup fails to take over, the president resigns. Boris Yeltsin gains control of the USSR government and USSR breaks down. The Moderate Party of Carl Bildt assumes power in Sweden. = Christy's
1992 World population is 5.2 billion. Rwandan farmers uproot 300,000 coffee trees because they can no longer make a living from the little money paid for coffee. The World Bank's International Development Association orders privatization of Rwanda's Electorogaz and telecommunications company, with the money from the privatization going toward the national debt. First post-occupation elections held in Kuwait. First multi-party elections in Kenya. French farmers riot against proposed cuts to subsidies - cuts which the US government had been encouraging. Peace accords are signed between the National Republican Alliance and the leftist rebels of Frabundo Marti National Liberation Front in El Salvador. Brazilian president Fernando Collor de Mello resigns after impeachment processes are started against him. The Second Strategic Arms Reductions Treaty was signed. = Christy's
1993 Kim Campbell becomes Canada's first female Prime Minister. Nigerian leader Major General Babangida declares the countries elections void and refuses to give up power. = Christy's
1993 The worst upper Mississippi River flood of the century inundates many river towns and thousands of acres of farmland. = ILGenWeb
1994 Declaration of cooperation between Evangelicals and Catholics= Christianity
1994 Zapatista uprising in Mexico. Hundreds of thousands of Rwandans die in a brutal civil war. Mozambique has its first multi-party election . The Social Democrats resume power in Sweden. Nelson Mandela is made president of South Africa after South African blacks are allowed, for the first time, to vote. The Channel Tunnel, connecting England and Europe, is opened on May 6th. = Christy's
1995 Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin is gunned down at a peace ralley on November 4th. = Christy's
1996 The American government passes the Helms-Burton Libertad law denying admission to the US to top executives that used or invested in property that was confinscated by Cuba's communist government (presidential directives postponing action for six month intervals have regulary been signed for the next six years) . The United Nations General Assembly denounces the law as being a violation of international law. = Christy's
1997 On August 30th Princess Diana of England dies in a car accident. Mother Teresa dies on September 5th. Hong Kong is returned to Red China after 156 years of British rule. = Christy's
1997 Control of Hong Kong was returned to China in response to treaty conditions negotiated following the Opium Wars with Great Britain [See 1840] = PlantTrivia
1998 Indonesia dictator General Suharto resigns. General Abubakar becomes the Head of State in Nigeria after the death of General Abacha in June. = Christy's
2000
11Sep2001 Fundamental Islamic terrorists had secretly planned for months to conduct a jihad, or holy war, against the United States. Hijacking four fully fuelled passenger airliners they took over control and flew two jets into the World Trade Center (WTC) twin towers, in downtown NYC soon bringing them both down resulting in about 3,000 deaths, a third jet was flown into the Pentagon, US military headquarters and the world's largest office building, resulting in about 200 deaths, while the fourth jet was heroically brought down in Pennsylvania farmland, resulting in less than 50 deaths. No Source, may contain errors
2) Sources of information used in the timeline
Abbreviation=Bibliography of Sources
1920Census=1920 US Census for a particular county
35thTXCav=Thirty-Fifth (Brown's) Texas Cavalry faxed by Frances Trimble 30Jun1999
AIS=Accelerated Index System (index of US Censuses prior to 1910)
Bukovina=Bukovina url is http://members.aol.com/LJensen/saw13-1.html
Cahokia=Cahokia Public Library url is http://216.125.204.247/Cahokia_Beginnings/countiesof%20illinois.htm
Canada=url is http://www.ubcic.bc.ca/part4.htm
Census=url is http://1930census.archives.gov/FAQ.html#questions
Christianity=Christianity Chronology url is http://www.cwo.com/~pentrack/catholic/chron.html
Christy's=Christy's Ultimate History Timeline Project url is http://www.smokylake.com/Christy/ultimate.htm
CWglance=Civil War at a Glance by National Park Service 387-038/001117
Digital=http://www.digitalhistory.org/timeline.htm
Disciple=Text from Nathaniel S. Haynes, History of the Disciples in Illinois 1819-1914, pages 259 - 264. This online edition © 1997, James L. McMillan. The Restoration Movement in Illinois: Livingston County
1911 Encyclopedia Brit=1911 Encyclopedia Brittania http://10.1911encyclopedia.org/I/IL/ILLINOIS.htm
EncycloTX=Encyclopedia of Texas on LDS fiche 6046992
Epidemic=url is http://www.rootsweb.com/~okcoal/epidemic.htm
FHLCatalog=LDS Family Search progam "Family History Library Catalog"
Finland= Finland url is
German American=German American Chronology url is http://www.ulib.iupui.edu/kade/adams/chrono.html
GermansInAm= Germans In America url is http://www.loc.gov/rr/european/imde/germchro.html
HandyBook=The Handy Book for Genealogists US 8th Edition by G B Everton
ILGenWeb=ILGenWeb : Illinois History: Notable Events url is http://www.rootsweb.com/~ilhistor/events.html
ILPlaceNames=Illinois Place Names by James N Adams
Imperial Russia=Imperial Russia: 1613-1917 urk is http://campus.northpark.edu/history/WebChron/EastEurope/EastEurope.html
infoplease=source is infoplease.com at http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0763770.html
Kid Info=source is Kid Info at http://www.kidinfo.com/Geography/USA.html
LDS=The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
LDSAncFile=LDS Family Search program "Ancestral File"
LDSIGI=LDS Family Search progam "International Genealogical Index"
Origin=The Origin of Illinois Counties: http://www.iltrails.org/ilcohx.htm
People=via Internet People Behind the Names L at:http://www.armed-guard.com/pbtnl.html
PlantTrivia=Plant Trivia TimeLine URL is http://www.huntington.org/BotanicalDiv/Timeline.html
Social Security=Social Security Chronology http://www.ssa.gov/history/chrono.html
StofIL1902=State of Illinois Blue Book of 1902
TheSource=The Source: A Guidebook of American Genealogy by Ancestry Publ
Tour Italy url is http://touritaly.org/magazine/chronology02.htm
USLC Talking Book Program=US Library of Congress Talking Book Program
WallChartB=Wall Chart of World History by Barnes & Noble
WorldAlman=World Almanac and Book of Facts 1993 (ISBN 0-88687-658-3)
WSJ=Wall Street Journal
______________________________________________________
[Please note that I am NOT the writer of this article. Tabby]

HISTORY of the WORLD TIME-LINE from 1800 A.D. to 1899 A.D.

2005-08-01T14:46:00.000-06:00

HISTORY of the WORLD TIME-LINE from 1800 A.D. to 1899 A.D.
The information on this chart was gathered by IllinoyGenealy@aol.com
1800-1823 Pope Pius VII = Christianity
1800 Second federal census taken for the United States. A few parts are missing, but it is largely intact. Use tax lists when available. Fence post tallies are used in each category except Head of Household. No other names given. = Census
1800-1801 Napoleon recaptures Italy = Tour Italy
1800 Napoleon conquers Italy, firmly establishes himself as First Consul in France. In the U.S., federal government moves to Washington, D.C. Robert Owen's social reforms in England. William Herschel discovers infrared rays. Alessandro Volta produces electricity. = Kid Info
1800 Austria and its allies are defeated by the French in the Battle of Marengo. = Christy's
1800 Federal government moves from Philadelphia to Washington DC. WorldAlman
1800 The soybean was known in Philadelphia, but gained little widespread attention. The bean would be introduced to California agriculture in San Francisco by direct importation from Japan in 1850. = PlantTrivia
07May1800 Illinois becomes a part of Indiana Territory. StofIL1902
1801-1877 Brigham Young, Mormon leader, colonized Utah = Christianity
1801-1825: Alexander I = Imperial Russia
1801 A revolution in Russia kills Paul, and his son, Alexander is given the throne. Britain becomes the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. = Christy's
1801 Austria makes temporary peace with France. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland established with one monarch and one parliament; Catholics excluded from voting. = Kid Info
1801-1802 Italian Republic = Tour Italy
1801 The cast iron process was invented, playing eventually into systems for constructing large conservatories. = PlantTrivia
1802 Britian makes peace with France. = Christy's
1802 The first seed sold in packages in America were marketed by a Shaker community at Enfield, Connecticut. Keeping their own seed lines healthy and free of corruption was important in that community. (Connor, 1994) = PlantTrivia
1803 English scientist John Dalton introduced the atomic theory of matter. India's population is 200 million. War between Britian and France again. Louisiana Purchase . = Christy's
1803 U.S. negotiates Louisiana Purchase from France: for $15 million, U.S. doubles its domain, increasing its territory by 827,000 sq. mi. (2,144,500 sq km), from Mississippi River to Rockies and from Gulf of Mexico to British North America. = Kid Info
1803 German pharmacist, F.W. Serturner, isolated morphine from opium latex. The three extracts of opium commonly used medicinally are morphine, codeine, and papaverine. (Simpson, 1989) = PlantTrivia
1803 Henry and Sealy Fourdrinier improved on Robert’s paper making machine. The continuous belt of wire mesh that layers the pulp is today called a Fourdrinier Screen. (Levetin & McMahon, 1996) = PlantTrivia
1803 Maquinna’a people attack and kill most of the crew of the Boston= Canada
1803 New York Yellow Fever = Epidemic
1803-04 Fort Dearborn built at Chicago, in present day Cook County, Illinois. StofIL1902
01Mar1803 17th state admitted into the union, Ohio Mar. 1, 1803; having been settled by 1788 =infoplease
03May1803 The first permanent Marine hospital was authorized to be built in Boston, Massachusetts. = Social Security
20Dec1803 Louisiana Purchase title taken by US for $11,250,000. WorldAlman
1804 Sauk and Fox Indians cede to United States lands east of the Mississippi River. = ILGenWeb
1804 Haiti wins independence from France. Robert Owen sets up a "utopian" community in Scotland = Christy's
1804 Haiti declares independence from France; first black nation to gain freedom from European colonial rule. Napoleon transforms the Consulate of France into an empire, proclaims himself emperor of France, systematizes French law under Code Napoleon. In the U.S., Alexander Hamilton is mortally wounded in duel with Aaron Burr . Lewis and Clark expedition begins exploration of what is now northwest U.S. = Kid Info
1804 Coronation of Napoleon as Emperor of France.= Bukovina
1804 A Protestant group from Wuerttemberg, named Rappists after their leader George Rapp, founded Harmony, Pennsylvania, a utopian community. = GermansInAm
1804 The Harmonists under George Rapp arrive in Pennsylvania. Their Indiana settlement, Neu Harmonie (1814-1824), becomes the economic "Wonder of the West" = German American
1804 Fort Simpson established by Northwest Company= Canada
1804 Lewis and Clark began their expedition. Lewis spent nine months in Philadelphia studying botany under Benjamin Smith Barton to prepare for the journey. The seed they collected were shared by Hamilton at The Woodlands and by M’Mahon. By 1825 Oregon grape holly was widely known and was available commercially from Prince Nursery of Flushing, NY for $25. = PlantTrivia
1804 Capt. John Chester brought the first shipload of bananas to the US on the Reynard to port in New York. Bananas did not become common in this country until after 1870, when Capt. L. D. Baker began exchange of mining equipment for Jamaican bananas. (Fussell, 1986) [See 1899] = PlantTrivia
1804 American and European traders began stripping Pacific Islands for sandalwood for use in Europe and China. Sandalwood trees were wiped out on Fiji by 1809, on the Marquesas by 1814, on Hawaii by 1825. (Ponting, 1991) = PlantTrivia
1805 Britian, Austria, Russia and Sweden form the Third Coalition against France. = Christy's
1805 Lewis & Clark expedition first to travel overland in US from Atlantic to Pacific= Canada
Fort St. John established by Northwest Company= Canada
Mcleod’s Lake post established by Simon Fraser= Canada
Fort Nelson established on Liard River = Canada
Hudson Hope post established at Rocky Mountain Portage= Canada
1805 Lord Nelson defeats the French-Spanish fleets in the Battle of Trafalgar. Napoleon victorious over Austrian and Russian forces at the Battle of Austerlitz. = Kid Info
1805: Russia joins the Third Coalition against Napoleon Napoleonic Europe Chronology <../WestEurope/NapoleonicEurope.html> = Imperial Russia
1805 Kingdom of Italy = Tour Italy
1805 32nd state admitted into the union, Minnesota May 11, 1858; having been settled by 1805 =infoplease
Jul1805 First legislators sent to represent Illinois in Indiana legislature at Vincennes. StofIL1902
1806 Russia and Turkey fight. Russia gains a region of Bessarabia, and a position in the Balkins. Prussia, Britian, Russia and Sweden form the fourth Coalition against France. Prussia is defeated in the battle of Jena. = Christy's
1806 Demise of Holy Roman Empire after more than 800 years; replaced by Confederation of the Rhine with Napoleon as its "protector."= Bukovina
1806 Defeated by Napoleon, The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation ceases to exist 1807. Martin Baum, riverboat pioneer on the Ohio and Mississippi, becomes mayor of Cincinnati = German American
1806 Napoleon offered 100,000 francs to anyone who could create sugar from a native plant. Russian chemist K. S. Kirchhof later discovered that sulfuric acid added to potato starch would make the conversion. (Fussell, 1992) = PlantTrivia
1806 Fort St. James established on Stuart Lake= Canada
1806-7 Fort Fraser post established by HBC at Fraser Lake= Canada
1807 the US bans the importation of slaves. The British ban the slave trade. In Prussia Baron Karl vom Stein abolishes personal serfdom. Russia is defeated by the French in the Battle of Friedland. = Christy's
1807 The Emperors Alexander I of Russia and Napoleon of France agree to blockade Great Britain. Alexander pledges to compel Sweden to join the interdiction. = Finland
1807 Road built from Fort St. James to Fort McLeod= Canada
David Thompson visits the Kutenai. Kutenai House established= Canada
1807 Robert Fulton makes first successful steamboat trip on Clermont between New York City and Albany. = Kid Info
17Aug1807 Robert Fulton made the first practical steamboat; left NYC and reached Albany, 150 miles, in 32 hours. WorldAlman
1808 Goethe publishes the first part of "Faust". French scientist Joseph Gasy Lussac measures the relative volume of gases involved in chemical reactions and discovers the "law of combining volumes" stating that "when measured at the same temperature and pressure volumes of gaseous reactants and products of chemical reactions are always in simple ratios of whole numbers" Napoleon I conquerors Spain, replacing Ferdinand VII with Joseph Bonaparte. In Prussia Baron Karl vom Stein gives the ability to control municipal affairs over to local elected officials. = Christy's
1808-1809 Sweden is defeated by Russia in the Finnish War and loses Finland, which becomes an autonomous Grand Duchy with the Czar as its ruler. Finland´s position is confirmed in its first separate Diet. Finland retains its own legislation and its old form of society, including the free status of the peasantry, the Lutheran religion and the old Swedish system of law and government. = Finland
1808 French armies occupy Rome and Spain, extending Napoleon's empire. Britain begins aiding Spanish guerrillas against Napoleon in Peninsular War. In the U.S., Congress bars importation of slaves. Beethoven's Fifth and Sixth Symphonies performed. = Kid Info
1808 Simon Fraser explores Fraser River and meets Indians at Lytton= Canada
04Apr1808 Attention of Congress called to idea of Illinois and Michigan Canal by Albert Gallatin. StofIL1902
1809 Benjamin Silliman and an apothecary named Darling open two soda-water fountains in New York City, hoping to make themselves rich selling carbonated water for "health purposes", but the business fails. Gustavus IV of Sweden is deposed and the Riksdag gives the crown to Gustavus' uncle Charles VII with the promise that the Rigsdag would be able to check the kings actions. = Christy's
1809 Illinois Territory created; capital, Kaskaskia. = ILGenWeb
1809 41st state admitted into the union, Montana Nov. 8, 1889; having been settled by 1809 =infoplease
03Feb1809 Illinois set off as a seperate Territory. StofIL1902
1810 Third federal census taken for the United States. A few parts are missing, but it is largely intact. Use tax lists when available. Fence post tallies are used in each category except Head of Household. No other names given. = Census
1810 See the 1900 population statistics for an idea of the population growth of this time period. = 1911 Encyclopedia Brit
1810 Italian scientist ~Amadeo Avogadro proposes the theory that equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of molecules. Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla begins the fight for Mexican independence from Spain. = Christy's
1810 Goats introduced to St. Helena Island began devastation that eventually caused extinction of 22 of the 33 endemic plants. (Ponting, 1991) = PlantTrivia
1811 Dr. Hay's revision of Challoner's version = Christianity
1811 The original Siamese twin's (where the name came from) were born. Paraguay gains independence. British forces set out for Java. = Christy's
1810 Marriage of Napoleon to Archduchess Marie Louise von Hapsburg, daughter of Francis I.= Bukovina
1811 The great earthquake severely felt in Southern Illinois. StofIL1902
1811 David Thompson reaches the mouth of the Columbia River= Canada
The ship Tonquin is captured and the crew killed in the Clayoquot area= Canada
1811 33rd state admitted into the union, Oregon Feb. 14, 1859; having been settled by 1811 =infoplease
1811 42nd state admitted into the union, Washington Nov. 11, 1889; having been settled by 1811 =infoplease
1812 Napoleon invades Russia . Russo-Turkey wars temporarily stop. = Christy's
1812 Fort Astoria acquired and renamed Fort George after War of 1812= Canada
Astorian and Northwest Company establish posts in Kamloops= Canada
1812 Indians massacre Fort Dearborn troops. = ILGenWeb
1812 Peoria, Illinois, burnt by Americans, in present day Peoria County. StofIL1902
1812 39th state admitted into the union, North Dakota Nov. 2, 1889; having been settled by 1812 =infoplease
1812-1815 War of 1812 had 3 main causes: Britain seized US ships trading with France; Britain seized 4000 naturalized US sailors by 1810; Britain armed Indians who raided western borders. WorldAlman
1812 The territory known to Russia as "old Finland " is joined to the Grand Duchy. In the same year, Helsinki (Helsingfors) is declared capital of Finland. = Finland
1812 Napoleon's Grand Army invades Russia in June. Forced to retreat in winter, most of Napoleon's 600,000 men are lost. In the U.S., war with Britain declared over freedom of the seas for U.S. vessels (War of 1812). USS Constitution (For detailed chronology, see War of 1812 .) sinks British frigate. War of 1812: British interference with American trade, impressment of American seamen, and "War Hawks" drive for western expansion lead to war. American attacks on Canada foiled; U.S. Commodore Perry wins battle of Lake Erie (1813). British capture and burn Washington (1814) but fail to take Fort McHenry at Baltimore. Andrew Jackson repulses assault on New Orleans after Treaty of Ghent ends war (1815). War settles little but strengthens U.S. as independent nation. = Kid Info
30Apr1812 18th state admitted into the union, Louisiana Apr. 30, 1812; having been settled by 1699 =infoplease
09Aug1812 Fort Dearborn, Illinois, burned. Garrison massacred. StofIL1902
12Sep1812 Madison, Gallatin and Johnson Counties were created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia
1813 Jane Austen publishes "Pride and Prejudice " Napoleon wins the Battle of Dresden. = Christy's
1814 ~Congress of Vienna opens. Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius suggests using letters as symbols for the elements. The first practical steam locomotive engine is built. On June 4th Louis XVIII of France issues a new Charter in an attempt to convince the people that the work of the French revolution is not being undone. = Christy's
1814 The Rappists purchased 30,000 acres of land in Indiana and founded a new settlement, New Harmony. In 1825 they returned to Pennsylvania and founded Economy, 20 miles northwest of Pittsburgh. Other towns founded by religious groups in this period included Zoar, Ohio, Amana, Iowa, and St. Nazianz, Wisconsin. = GermansInAm
1814 French defeated by allies (Britain, Austria, Russia, Prussia, Sweden, and Portugal) in War of Liberation. Napoleon exiled to Elba, off Italian coast. Bourbon king Louis XVIII takes French throne. George Stephenson builds first practical steam locomotive. = Kid Info
20Nov1814 Edwards and White Counties were created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia
1815 Catholic Bible Society NT, based on Challoner's = Christianity
1815 Boston's Germans found Handel and Haydn Society / Napoleon defeated by British and Prussian forces = German American
1815: The Congress of Vienna ends the Napoleonic Wars. = Imperial Russia
1815 Congress of Vienna attempts to restore the old order after defeat of Napoleon; German Confederation of thirty-nine states under presidency of Austria replaces Confederation of the Rhine; wave of political repression.= Bukovina
1815 Napoleon returns: "Hundred Days" begin. Napoleon defeated by Wellington at Waterloo, banished again to St. Helena in South Atlantic. Congress of Vienna: victorious allies change the map of Europe. War of 1812 ends with Treaty of Ghent. = Kid Info
1815 June 18th, Battle of Waterloo. Switzerland becomes independent of France. Norway and Sweden are joined under one ruler. Congress of Vienna closes in June. Jakob Grimm completes "Grimm's Fairy Tales" . William Smith compiles the first proper colored geological map showing 21 sedimentary layers. The Fundamental Law of the Kingdom of the United Netherlands is passed. John McAdam figures out a way of improving the roads in Britian by using small stones. = Christy's
1816-1829 Challoner's 3rd revision, Dr. John Lingard's translation from Greek using Vulgate when possible = Christianity
1816 Argentina declares itself independent from Spain. The new constitution of Poland makes Alexander of Russia King of Poland but gives Poland complete control of its own budget and army, freedom of the press and religious tolerance. = Christy's
1816 Crop failure was widespread in Europe, resulting in food riots in England, France, and Belgium. (Ponting, 1991) = PlantTrivia
1816 Henry Hall is credited as the first person to cultivate cranberries. = PlantTrivia
1816 Tract of land proposed route of Illinois and Michigan Canal, ceded to United States Commissioners. StofIL1902
1816 Lainnec invents the stethoscope in France. WallChartB
06Jan1816 Monroe, Jackson, Pope Counties were created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia
11Dec1816 19th state admitted into the union, Indiana Dec. 11, 1816; having been settled by 1733 =infoplease
31Dec1816 Crawford County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia
1817 Joseph Baumeler and his German separatists found the Zoar commune in Ohio = German American
04Jan1817 Bond County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia
1817-1852 Indian Wars. The Source
1818 Mary Wollstonecraft Shelly writes "Frankenstein ". Lord Byron begins writing "Don Jaun ". Chile becomes independent from Spain. US adopts the flag with thirteen stripes and many stars. = Christy's
1818 The wrought iron process was industrialized, changing the way designers would create conservatory structures. = PlantTrivia
02Jan1818 Franklin, Union and Washington Counties were created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia
26Aug1818 Illinois State Constitution adopted at Kaskaskia, in present day Randolph County. StofIL1902
03Dec1818 Illinois becomes 21st state; capital, Kaskaskia; governor, Shadrach Bond. Illinois's northern border fixed at 42° 30' N. latitude. = ILGenWeb
03Dec1818 Illinois admitted to Statehood. StofIL1902
03Dec1818 21st state admitted into the union, Illinois Dec. 3, 1818; having been settled by 1720 =infoplease
10Dec1817 20th state admitted into the union, Mississippi Dec. 10, 1817; having been settled by 1699 =infoplease
1819 Electromagnetism is discovered by Danish physicist Hans. C. Oersted The creation of the Zollverein (customs union) helps the circulation of goods in Germany. = Christy's
1819 American steamship Savannah made first part steam-powered, part sail-powered crossing of Atlantic, Savannah, Georgia to Liverpool, England, 29 days. WorldAlman
1819 Simón Bolívar liberates New Granada (now Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador) as Spain loses hold on South American countries; named president of Colombia. = Kid Info
1819 The Passenger Act by Congress ends redemptioner trade = German American
22Feb1819 Spain cedes Florida to the USofA. WorldAlman
04Mar1819 Alexander, Clark, Jefferson and Wayne Counties were created in the state of Illinois = Cahokia
14Dec1819 22nd state admitted into the union, Alabama Dec. 14, 1819; having been settled by 1702 =infoplease
1820-1830 George IV King of England = Christianity
1820 Revolts at Nola, Avellino and Naples = Tour Italy
1820 Fourth federal census taken for the United States. A few parts are missing, but it is largely intact. Use tax lists when available. Fence post tallies are used in each category except Head of Household. No other names given. = Census
1820 See the 1900 population statistics for an idea of the population growth of this time period. = 1911 Encyclopedia Brit
1820 Liberia is founded. George IV of Great Britain crowned. = Christy's
1820 Joseph Heister becomes Governor of Pennsylvania = German American
1820 50th state admitted into the union, Hawaii Aug. 21, 1959; having been settled by 1820=infoplease
1820-3 Nationwide [starts Schuylkill River and spreads] "Fever" = Epidemic
1820 Permanent HBC post established at Fort George= Canada
1820 Missouri Compromise -Missouri admitted as slave state but slavery barred in rest of Louisiana Purchase north of 36°30' N. = Kid Info
Feb1820 First organized immigration of blacks to Africa from the US began w/86 free blacks sailing to Sierra Leone. WorldAlman
Feb1820 Illinois State Capitol removed from Kaskaskia to Vandalia, in present day Fayette County. StofIL1902
03Mar1820 Henry Clay's Missouri Compromise bill passed Congress. Slavery was allowed in Missouri, but not elsewhere west of the Mississippi north of 36d 30' latitude (the southern line of Missouri). Repealed 1854. WorldAlman
15Mar1820 23rd state admitted into the union, Maine Mar. 15, 1820; having been settled by 1624 =infoplease
Dec1820 First Illinois State Bank created. StofIL1902
1821 Honduras, Venezuela, Mexico , Peru, Guatemala, Pamana and Santo Domingo wins independence from Spain. Agustín de Iturbide makes himself emperor of Mexico and disbands the elected congress when they refuse to support him. = Christy's
1821 The Germanic custom of having a specially decorated tree at Christmas time was introduced to America by Pennsylvania Dutch in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Later in the century, the Pennsylvania Dutch version of St. Nicholas, Sinterklaas, evolved into America's Santa Claus , popularized by a German immigrant and influential political cartoonist, Thomas Nast . The Easter bunny and Easter eggs were also brought to this country by German immigrants. = GermansInAm
1821 Northwest Company and Hudson’s Bay Company merge, known as HBC= Canada
1821 Nathan Bedford Forrest/born. (US) Confederate General led cavalry raids against Union supply lines in Civil War. WorldAlman
1821 Independence of Mexico. WallChartB
1821 Guatemala, Panama, and Santo Domingo proclaim independence from Spain. = Kid Info
16Jan1821 Lawrence County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia
20Jan1821 Greene County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia
30Jan1821 Sangamon County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia
31Jan1821 Pike County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia
08Feb1821 Hamilton County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia
12Feb1821 Montgomery County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia
10Aug1821 24th state admitted into the union, Missouri Aug. 10, 1821; having been settled by 1735 =infoplease
1822 Earthquake in Aleppo, Asia Minor kills 22,000 = Christianity
1822 Liberia established. ~Brazil becomes independent under the rule of Emperor Pedro I (son of the Portuguese king) = Christy's
1822 Greeks proclaim a republic and independence from Turkey. Turks invade Greece. Russia declares war on Turkey (1828). Greece also aided by France and Britain. War ends and Turks recognize Greek independence (1829). Brazil becomes independent of Portugal. Schubert' s Eighth Symphony ("The Unfinished"). = Kid Info
1822 Fort Kilmaurs (Babine) established= Canada
30Mar1822 Act authorizing the construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, passed by Congress. StofIL1902
Aug1822 Slavery defeated at the ballot in Illinois. StofIL1902
1823-1829 Pope Leo XII = Christianity
1823 U.S. Monroe Doctrine warns European nations not to interfere in Western Hemisphere. = Kid Info
1823~ Monroe ~Doctrine. Cyrus P. Dalkin of Concard, Massachusetts invents carbon copies, although the public doesn't really pick up on the idea until about fifty years later. In Mexico a rebellion lead by Antonio de Santa Anna forces dictator Itubide to abdicate in March. The Honduras achieve independence from Mexico and join the United Provinces of Central America. = Christy's
1823 First all-German singing society founded in Cincinnati = German American
1823 Charles MacIntosh found that fabrics could be made waterproof by treating with natural rubber. [See 1839, 1881] The word rubber had been coined for the ability of this resilient material to rub out pencil marks [See 1770]. (Levetin & McMahon, 1996) = PlantTrivia
1823 37th state admitted into the union, Nebraska Mar. 1, 1867; having been settled by 1823 =infoplease
03 Jan1823 Edgar County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia
24 Jan1823 Marion County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia
28 Jan1823 Fulton County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia
31 Jan1823 Morgan County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia
02 Dec1823 President James Monroe declares "Monroe Doctrine" opposing European intervention in the Americans. WorldAlman
1824 Mexico becomes a republic, three years after declaring independence from Spain. Bolívar liberates Peru, becomes its president. Beethoven's Ninth Symphony. = Kid Info
1824 Charles X of France crowned. Mexico becomes a republic. James Neilson patented a way of burning coal more efficiently that allows the low-grade coal in Lanarkshire to be used. = Christy's
1824 Fatal epidemic (cause unidentified) in Columbia River drainage (to 1825)= Canada
54° 40’ established as boundary separating American and Russian spheres of influence= Canada
1824 Proslavery constitutional amendment defeated. = ILGenWeb
23 Dec1824 Clay County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia
27 Dec1824 Clinton and Wabash Counties were created in the state of Illinois = Cahokia
1825 First passenger-carrying railroad in England. = Kid Info
1825 German introduced at Harvard University / Harmonists build their third town, Old Economy, now part of Ambridge, PA = German American
1825 HBC becomes active on the northwest coast= Canada
1825 John Stevens, of Hoboken, NJ built and operated first experimental steam locomotive in the US. WorldAlman
1825 Russian Tsar Alexander I dies. The Decemberist uprising in Russia. Alexander's brother, Nicholas is crowned. First steam powered railways are run in England. Bolivia wins independence from Spain. = Christy's
1825: Decembrist Revolt Age of Revolutions Chronology <../WestEurope/AgeRevs.html> = Imperial Russia
1825-1855: Nicholas I = Imperial Russia
10 Jan1825 Calhoun County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia
13 Jan1825 Adams, Hancock, Henry, Knox, Mercer, Peoria, Putnam, Schuyler and Warren Counties were created in the state of Illinois = Cahokia
13 Jan1825 Putnam County, named for General Israel Putnam; established 13Jan1825 and created from Fulton County; 1990 population was 5730; mailing address of county clerk: 4th St; Hennepin IL 61327
17Jan1825 Act incorporating the "Illinois and Michigan Canal Association" with a capital of $1,000,000, passed by Illinois legislature. StofIL1902
26 Oct1825 Erie Canal opened; first boat left Buffalo reaches New York City 04Nov. Canal cost $7 million but cut travel time one-third, shipping costs nine-tenths, opened Great Lakes area, made NYC chief port. WorldAlman
1826 Joseph-Nicéphore Niepce takes the world's first photograph . = Kid Info
1826: The Third Section of the Chancellery is created. = Imperial Russia
1826 Russian Tsar Nicholas I forces the Ottoman (Turkish) to recognize the independence of Moldavia, Wallachia, and Serbia. Russian troops invade Iran. The friction match is invented in England. Stamford Raffles is named the first President of the "Zooligical or Noah's Ark Society" of London. Erie Canal is opened. = Christy's
1826 Twigs (apparently predominately of basket willow) had long been utilized in England to record tax payments. Notches made in each twig indicated the amount of tax paid. Once split the notched twig yielded two records of payment. When the tax records went to paper transaction in 1826, the archive of twigs was burned. The resulting fire escaped control and took with it the Houses of Parliament. (Rupp, 1990) = PlantTrivia
1826 An act of the US Congress set off the mania of planting silkworm mulberry, a short-lived industry. (Ewan, 1969) = PlantTrivia
1826 The unexploited forests of Burma gave impetus to the British conquest of that country. The first area opened (Tenasserim) "was stripped of teak within twenty years." By the end of the century about 10,000,000 acres of Burma forest were cleared. (Ponting, 1991) = PlantTrivia
1826 Fort Vancouver established by HBC on Columbia River= Canada
18 Jan1826 Vermilion and McDonough Counties were created in the state of Illinois = Cahokia
18 Jan1826 Vermilion County, named for the Vermilion River; established 18Jan1826 and created from unorganized territory and Edgar County; 1990 population was 88,257; mailing address of county clerk: 7 N Vermilion St; Danville IL 61832-5806
04 Jul1826 Deaths of former presidents Thomas Jefferson and John Adams, on 50th anniversary of American independence. WorldAlman
1827 Russian troops conquer Iran. Edgar Alan Poe publishes his first book. Francisco Morazán leads the Liberals in a civil war in Honduras - the war lasts about two years. = Christy's
1827 Francis Lieber from Berlin begins editing the Encyclopaedia Americana in Boston = German American
1827 Fort Langley established= Canada
23Jan1827 Shelby County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia
29Jan1827 Perry County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia
31Jan1827 Tazewell County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia
31Jan1827 Tazewell County, named for Governor Lyttelton W Tazewell of Virginia; established 31Jan1827 and created from Sangamon County and unorganized territory attached to Peoria County; 1990 population was 131,200; mailing address of county clerk: 4th & Court St; Pekin IL 61554
07Feb1827 JoDaviess County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia
1828 Russo-Turkish wars (again... from 1828 - 29) Russia gains control of the eastern coast of the Black Sea. Leo Tolstoy is born. Noah Webster writes "The American Dictionary of the English Language". Colonel Bystarts planning the city of Ottawa (then called Bytown.) Catholic Emancipation Act removes last vestige of oppression in England. Uruguay wins independence from Spain. = Christy's
1828 Noah Webster/published his "American Dictionary of the English Language," WorldAlman
1828 C. J. van Houten developed the first modern process for making cocoa powder. Soon producers in Holland had learned that alkali could be added to neutralize various acids, making a mild, more soluble cocoa. This process is still called "dutching" today. (Simpson, 1989) = PlantTrivia
1828 Chief Factor John McLoughlin takes charge of area west of the Rockies= Canada
James Douglas is captured in Carrier territory and released after negotiations= Canada
Clallum village shelled by HBC gunboat= Canada
Fort Alexandria established= Canada
1828 Helsinki <2.htm> replaces Turku as the site of Finland's sole university. = Finland
04 Jul1828 Baltimore & Ohio 1st US passenger RR was begun. WorldAlman
19Dec1828 South Carolina declared right of state nullification of federal laws, opposing "Tariff of Abominations." WorldAlman
1829-1831 Pope Pius VIII = Christianity
1829 Greeks win independence from the Ottoman empire. The first steam driven train is developed for use between Manchester and Liverpool. = Christy's
1829 Gottfried Duden published in Germany his idyllic account of the several years he spent as a settler in Missouri; so popular that it appeared in three editions, the book caused numerous Germans to leave for the New World. = GermansInAm
1829: Treaty of Adrianople = Imperial Russia
1829 Gomried Duden's published travel report encourages thousands of Germans to America, esp. Missouri = German American
1829 Fort Halkett established by HBC on Liard River= Canada
Rev. Jonathan Smith Green (Protestant) tours Northwest coast= Canada
17Jan1829 Macoupin County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia
19Jan1829 Macon County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia
1830-1837 William IV King of England = Christianity
1830 Mormon Church founded by Joseph Smith as a result of reported visions of the Angel Moroni = Christianity
1830 Reported apparition of Mary in Paris, France, considered "worthy of belief" by the Catholic Church = Christianity
1830 Fifth federal census taken for the United States. Fence post tallies are used in each category except Head of Household. No other names given.
1830 See the 1900 population statistics for an idea of the population growth of this time period. = 1911 Encyclopedia Brit
1830 Revolutions in France; Belguim wins independence (1830s). (England pledges to uphold Belgian neutrality.) the Great Trek in Southern Africa. Polish revolt against Russian rule, but are defeated. Mormonism founded by Joseph Smith. William IV of Great Britain crowned. Ecuador wins independence from Spain. = Christy's
1830-1831: Polish Revolt Poland Chronology = Imperial Russia
1830 French invade Algeria. Louis Philippe becomes "Citizen King" as revolution forces Charles X to abdicate. Mormon church formed in U.S. by Joseph Smith. = Kid Info
1830 The first machine for cutting lawns was introduced by Edwin Budding, an English textile-mill engineer. This machine was first imported to the USA 25 years later. (Crotz in Punch, 1992) = PlantTrivia
1830 Indian Affairs transferred from military to civilian jurisdiction in the Canadas (east)= Canada
First Chilcotin post established by HBC= Canada
HBC begins innoculating Native people against small pox= Canada
25Dec1830 Coles and. McLean Counties were created in the state of Illinois = Cahokia
25Dec1830 McLean County, named for John McLean; established 25Dec1830 and created from Tazewell County and unorganized territory attached to Shelby County; at 1044 square miles is the largest county in the state; 1990 population was 129,180; mailing address of county clerk: 104 W Front St; Bloomington IL 61701-5091
1831-1846 Pope Gregory XVI = Christianity
1831 Mazzini founds Young Italy to work for unification. Syria is conquered by the Egyptians. Charles Darwin sets out. Between 1831 and 1866 there were three cholera epidemics in Europe. = Christy's
1831 Polish revolt against Russia fails. Belgium separates from the Netherlands. In U.S., Nat Turner leads unsuccessful slave rebellion. = Kid Info
1831 Fort Simpson built on Nass River then moved to Tsimshian Peninsula= Canada
1831 First trade union unemployment insurance plan in the United States was adopted. = Social Security
1831-2 Nationwide [brought by English emigrants] Asiatic Cholera = Epidemic
1831 Mount Auburn Cemetery was established by the Massachusetts Horticultural Society and quickly became a model for other cemeteries to be planted in a naturalistic style. The establishment of beautiful cemeteries in turn provided stimulus for increase in public parks. Botanist and physician Jacob Bigelow played a crucial role in establishment of Mount Auburn. (Hedrick, 1950) = PlantTrivia
01Jan1831 William Lloyd Garrison began abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator." WorldAlman
15Jan1831 Cook and LaSalle Counties were created in the state of Illinois = Cahokia
09Feb1831 Rock Island County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia
15Feb1831 Effingham and Jasper Counties were created in the state of Illinois = Cahokia
15Feb1831 Construction of a railroad in the State first proposed. StofIL1902
1831 Guthrie discovers chloroform. WorldAlman
15Jan1831 Cook County, named for Daniel P Cook; established 15Jan1831 and created from Putnam; 1990 population was 5,105,067; mailing address of county clerk: 118 N Clark St Suite 567; Chicago IL 60602-1311
15Jan1831 LaSalle County, named indirectly for the explorer Robert Cavelier, Sieur de LaSalle; established 15Jan1831 and created from Putnam and Vermilion Counties and unorganized territory attached to Tazewell County; 1990 population was 106,913; mailing address of county clerk: 707 E Etna Rd; Ottawa IL 61350-1033
24Jun1831 Last Indian war broke out. StofIL1902
1832 Church of Christ (Disciples) organized, made up of Presbyterians in distress over Protestant factionalism and decline of fervor = Christianity
1832 Reform Bill of 1832 in Britain. Nicholas I of Russia helped bring about the independence of Greece, in exchange for shipping rights he wanted. = Christy's
1832 A.C. Anderson of the HBC arrives at the Columbia River= Canada
1832 NY City and other major cities Cholera = Epidemic
1832 Black Hawk War drives Sauk and Fox from Illinois. Potawatomi and Winnebago cede land. = ILGenWeb
Apr1832 Black Hawk War (IL-WI) til September, pushed Sauk and Fox Indians west across Mississippi. WorldAlman
07Aug1832 Black Hawk himself is finally defeated and captured. StofIL1902
Nov1832 South Carolina convention passed Ordinance of Nullification against permanent tariff, threatening to withdraw from the Union. Congress Feb1833 passed a compromise tariff act, whereupon SC repealed its act. WorldAlman
1833 Slavery is abolished in the British Empire. = Christy's
1833 Fort McLoughlin established at Bella Bella= Canada
1833 Glass production improved, making manufacture of sheet glass up to 6ft (1.8 m) long possible. Before that time the largest size available was 4 ft (1.2m) in broad glass or 4-5 ft (1.2-1.5m) in crown glass. (A. Bonar, "Cathedrals of Glass", The Garden 115(10):526-530.) = PlantTrivia
1833 Oberlin College, first in US to adopt coeducation. WorldAlman
1833 Columbus, OH cholera = Epidemic
20Feb1833 Champaign County, named for a county in Ohio; established 20Feb1833 and created from Vermilion & unorganized territory; 1990 population was 173,025; mailing address of county clerk: 204 E Elm St; Urbana IL 61801-3324
20Feb1833 Champaign County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia
26Feb1833 Iroquois County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia
26Feb1833 Iroquois County, given an Indian name; established 26Feb1833 and created from unorganized territory attached to Vermilion County; 1990 population was 30,787; mailing address of county clerk: 550 S 10th; Watseka IL 60970-1810
05Aug1833 Chicago incorporated as a city. StofIL1902
1834 The Spanish Inquisition ~ends . the Poor Law Amendment Act is passed in Great Britain. = Christy's
1834 James Douglas becomes Chief Trader of the HBC= Canada
1834 Fort McLoughlin established at Millbank Sound= Canada
1834 Charles Babbage invents "analytical engine," precursor of computer. McCormick patents reaper. = Kid Info
1834 McKendree College founded in southwest Illinois near East St. Louis. StofIL1902
1834 New York City cholera = Epidemic
1834 44th state admitted into the union, Wyoming July 10, 1890; having been settled by 1834 =infoplease
1835 Hans Christian Anderson starts writing children's stories. = Christy's
1835 Death of Francis I; accession of Ferdinand I as Emperor of Austria.= Bukovina
1835 The Giessen-Society aims at a "New German Fatherland" in America; this and similar attempts failed / Philadelphia Maennerchor founded = German American
1835 British farmers began to import guano from the coast of Peru. Guano deposits became a significant manure/fertilizer source until after 1870. (Mingay, 1977) = PlantTrivia
1835 Coal deposit at Fort Rupert publicized= Canada
1835 Colt invents the revolver in the US. WallChartB
1835 Oberlin College, refuses to bar students on account of race. WorldAlman
1835-1850 Second wave of German settlers from Bohemian Forest settled in Bori and Lichtenberg (both in 1835); Schwarztal and Buchenhain (Deutsch-Pojana-Mikuli, both 1838), Augustendorf (1850), and Glitt (1843).= Bukovina
02Nov1835 Sam Houston put in command of Texas army after Texas proclaimed right to secede from Mexico. WorldAlman
1836 John Nepomucene Neumann (1811-60) arrived in the United States in 1836 from his native Bohemia to work as a priest in the country's German-speaking Roman Catholic communities. He founded the first American diocesan school system, and in 1852 became Bishop of Philadelphia. In 1977 he was canonized as a saint by Pope Paul VI. = GermansInAm
1836 Hermann, MO founded; its wines gain national recognition = German American
1836 Boer farmers start "Great Trek"-Natal, Transvaal, and Orange Free State founded in South Africa. Mexican army besieges Texans in Alamo . Entire garrison, including Davy Crockett and Jim Bowie, wiped out. Texans gain independence from Mexico after winning Battle of San Jacinto. Dickens 's Pickwick Papers. = Kid Info
1836 The Mexicans attack the Alamo. Texas gains independence from Mexico. = Christy's
1836 HBC Chaplain and missionary Reverend Herbert Beaven arrives at Fort Vancouver= Canada
Small pox epidemic in northern BC and southern Alaskan coast (to 1838)= Canada
Indian reports of coal on Vancover Island confirmed= Canada
12Jan1836 Will County, named for Conrad Will; established 12Jan1836 and organized from Cook and DuPage Counties; 1990 population was 357,313; mailing address of county clerk: 302 N Chicago St; Joliet IL 60431-1059
12Jan1836 Will County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia
16Jan1836 Kane, McHenry, Ogle, Whiteside and Winnebago Counties were created in the state of Illinois = Cahokia
16Jan1836 Kane County, named for Senator Elias K Kane; established 16Jan1836 and created from LaSalle County; 1990 population was 317,471; mailing address of county clerk: 100 S 3rd St; Geneva IL 60134-2722
16Jan1836 McHenry County, named for General William McHenry; established 16Jan1836 and created from Cook County; 1990 population was 183,241; mailing address of county clerk: 2200 N Seminary Av; Woodstock IL 60098-2621
16Jan1836 Winnebago County, given an Indian name; established 16Jan1836 and created from Jo Daviess County; 1990 population was 252,913; mailing address of county clerk: 400 W State St; Rockford IL 61101-1276
23Feb1836 Texans beseiged in Alamo in San Antonio by Mexicans under Santa Anna til 06Mar; entire garrison killed. WorldAlman
02Mar1836 Texas independence declared at San Jacinto. WorldAlman
1836-1845 The Republic of Texas. FHLCatalog
21Apr1836 Sam Houston and Texans defeated Mexican General Santa Ana, captured at San Jacinto. WorldAlman
15Jun1836 25th state admitted into the union, Arkansas June 15, 1836; having been settled by 1686 =infoplease
04Jul1836 Actual work of construction on Illinois and Michigan Canal began. StofIL1902
1836-37 First railroad built from Maples to Bluffs in Scott County, Illinois. StofIL1902
1837-1901 Victoria Queen of England = Christianity
1837 Morse invents the telegraph. Victoria becomes Queen of Great Britain. Revolts are staged in Upper and Lower Canada. ~Louis Braille invents Braille. Rowlard Hill brings a list of ideas for postage system reforms before the British government. = Christy's
1837 Victoria becomes queen of Great Britain. Mob kills Elijah P. Lovejoy, Illinois abolitionist publisher. = Kid Info
1837 The German Philadelphia Settlement Society was founded and purchased 12,000 acres of land in Gasconade County, Missouri; two years later the society's town of Hermann was incorporated with 450 inhabitants. = GermansInAm
1837 Pennsylvania publishes laws and governors' messages also in German = German American
1837 Dease Lake post established by HBC= Canada
1837 Knox College founded in Illinois. StofIL1902
1837 Fox Talbot invents photography in Britain. WallChartB
1837 Morse invents telegraph code in the US. WorldAlman
1837 Illinois blacksmith John Deere melded a steel share to a moldboard of wrought-iron to create a plow that cut the prairie soils. Deere’s plows became the prairie standard. (Fussell, 1992) = PlantTrivia
1837 Springfield chosen state capital; legislature meets there in 1839. Abolitionist Elijah P. Lovejoy killed by proslavery mob. = ILGenWeb
1837 Philadelphia Typhus = Epidemic
26Jan1837 26th state admitted into the union, Michigan Jan. 26, 1837; having been settled by 1668 =infoplease
27Feb1837 Livingston County, named to honor the memory of the recently deceased Edward Livingstone (1764-1836) Congressman from New York 1795-1801; Mayor of New York City 1801-1803; Congressman from Louisiana 1823-1829; Senator 1829-1831; US Secretary of State under Jackson 1831-1833; and US Minister to France 1833-1835; established 27Feb1837 and created from LaSalle and McLean Counties and unorganized territory attached to Vermilion County; 1990 population was 39,200; mailing address of county clerk: 112 W madison St; Pontiac IL 61764-1871
27Feb1837 Livingston County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia
28Feb1837 Bureau County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia
03Mar1837 Cass County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia
04Mar1837 Boone, DeKalb and Stephenson Counties were created in the state of Illinois = Cahokia
04Mar1837 Boone County, named for Daniel Boone; established 04Mar1837 and created from Winnebago County; 1990 populaion was 30,806; mailing address of county clerk: 601 N Main St; Belvidere IL 61008-2600
04Mar1837 DeKalb County, named for Johann Kalb, self-styled "Baron DeKalb"; established 04Mar1837 and created from Kane County; 1990 population was 77,932; mailing address of county clerk: 110 E Sycamore St; Sycamore IL 60178-1497
1838 The new viceroy in Canton, China destroyed the British East India Company’s illegal opium imports, a total of 2,640,000 pounds. Britain went to war with China, winning Hong Kong, trade concessions, and loot. (Lewis & Elvin-Lewis, 1977) = PlantTrivia
1838 Charles M. Hovey introduced a strawberry grown from seed produced by hybridization. This ‘Hovey’ strawberry is considered the first fruit variety that originated through breeding on the North American continent. = PlantTrivia
1838 Cherokee Indians were forcibly removed from their homeland in the Appalachian Mountains. By now every eastern state of the USA but Vermont has railroads. = Christy's
1838 HBC granted 21 year exclusive hunting and trading license to northwest coast= Canada
First Roman Catholic priests arrive at Fort Vancouver (F. Blanchet and M. Demers)= Canada
1838 Monticello Female Seminary, first movement for higher education of women in State of Ilinois, founded near Godfrey, in present day Jersey County. StofIL1902
1839 Mormons found Nauvoo; leaders, Joseph and Hyrum Smith, killed in 1844; Mormons leave for Utah in 1846. = ILGenWeb
1839 The first bicycle is invented. Ozone is discovered by Christian Schwann. The Diet in Hungary = Christy's passes legislation to make Magyar the official language of Hungary, and to free the peasants' holdings from feudal obligations. = Christy's
1839 First Opium War (to 1842) between Britain and China, over importation of drug into China. = Kid Info
1839 James Douglas becomes Chief Factor of HBC= Canada
1839 Goodyear invents vulcanized rubber. WorldAlman
1839 Charles Goodyear discovered vulcanization, the heat driven process of combining sulphur with natural rubber. The cross-linking of molecular chains (isoprene units) makes rubber non-sticky, more durable, and more elastic. (Simpson, 1989) Vulcanization changed life in Brasil, causing a rubber boom, with exports rising from 31 tons in 1827 to more than 27,000 tons by 1900. Manaus became a cosmopolitan city. [See 1823, 1877, 1881] (Ponting, 1991) = PlantTrivia
1839 Prickly pear was introduced to Australia for use as hedging. By 1925 over 60,000,000 acres of Australian land were infested, and prickly pear dominated the vegetation in nearly half that area. Control came eventually in the form of South American caterpillars that feed on the plant. (Ponting, 1991) = PlantTrivia
1839 George Armstrong Custer/born to Emanuel Custer and Mariah in Harrison County, Ohio. 1850Census, WorldAlman
09Jan1839 Marshall County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia
19Jan1839 Marshall County, named for John Marshall; established 19Jan1839 and created from Putnam County; 1990 population was 12,846; mailing address of county clerk: 122 N Prairie St; Lacon IL 61540-1216
01Feb1839 Brown County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia
09Feb1839 DuPage County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia
09Feb1839 Du Page County, named for the Du Page River; established 09Feb1839 and created from Cook County; 1990 population was 781,666; mailing address of county clerk: 421 N County Farm Rd; Wheaton IL 60187-3978
15Feb1839 Logan County, named for Dr John Logan; established 15Feb1839 and created from Sangamon County; 1990 population was 30,798; mailing address of county clerk: 601 Broadway St; Lincoln IL 62656-2732
15Feb1839 Dane renamed Christian and Logan Counties were created in the state of Illinois = Cahokia
16Feb1839 Menard and Scott Counties were created in the state of Illinois = Cahokia
22Feb1839 Carroll County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia
27Feb1839 Lee County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia
28Feb1839 Jersey and Williamson Counties were created in the state of Illinois = Cahokia
01Mar1839 DeWitt and Lake Counties were created in the state of Illinois = Cahokia
01Mar1839 De Witt County, named for DeWitt Clinton; established 01Mar1839 and created from Macon and McLean counties; 1990 population was 16,516; mailing address of county clerk: 201 W Washington St; Clinton IL 61727-1639
01Mar1839 Lake County, named for Lake Michigan; established 01Mar1839 and created from McHenry County; 1990 population was 516,418; mailing address of county clerk: 18 N County St; Waukegan IL 60085-4339
02Mar1839 Hardin and Stark Counties were created in the state of Illinois = Cahokia
1840 Sixth federal census taken for the United States. Fence post tallies are used in each category except Head of Household. No other names given. 1840 is only census that lists Revolutionary War or military service pensioners.
1840 See the 1900 population statistics for an idea of the population growth of this time period. = 1911 Encyclopedia Brit
1840 ~Opium War begins. The first postage stamps are sold in Britian. Women are denied seats in the World Anti-Slavery Convention in London. The Hawaiian kingdom is recognized as an independent country by Europe and the USA. = Christy's
1840 The Opium Wars ended mandarin control of British trade with China, followed by the 1842 Treaty of Nanking. This treaty ceded Hong Kong to the British and opened numerous ports to Europeans and Americans. Under an 1858 treaty, foreigners could travel anywhere in the interior of the empire. [See 1997] (Spongberg, 1990) = PlantTrivia
1840 In the years before paper was manufactured from wood pulp, Isaiah Deck wrote that the increasing demand for paper (at that time made from cotton or linen rags) could be met through recycling Egyptian mummies - each of which provided up to 30 lbs of linen wrapping. Twenty years later I. A. Stanwood of Gardiner, Maine acted on this proposal by importing mummies for manufacturing brown wrapping paper. In Egypt mummies were being used to fuel railroad engines. (Rupp, 1990) = PlantTrivia
1840 Friedrich Keller patented a wood grinding machine that promoted the use of wood pulp for papermaking. Within 30 years, experimentation with wood pulp paper extended to such short-lived products as coffins, horseshoes, and road surfaces. (Rupp, 1990 - which see for more detail) = PlantTrivia
1840 John Dresser (Stockbridge, Massachusetts) devised a hand powered veneer lathe. Thin sheets of wood are used for creating finished surfaces as well as in the manufacture of plywood, but they must be shaved or sawed from the original block. Dresser’s lathe pointed the way to mechanization of this process, leading to the commercial manufacture of plywood. (Connor, 1994) = PlantTrivia
1840 German Lutherans found Concordia College, Ft. Wayne, IN / First "Volksfest" celebrated in Richmond, VA = German American
1840 Lower and Upper Canada united. = Kid Info
1840s Jesuit Priest Father Pierre De Smet is in Kootenays and Okanagan= Canada
Father John Nobilis active in northern New Caledonia= Canada
1840 Mormons settled in Nauvoo, Carthage County, Illinois, making it the largest city in that state. StofIL1902
1840-46 Mormon riots. StofIL1902
1841Richard Wagner finishes his opera "the Flying Duchman". The British parliment removed the excise tax on soap so that between 1841 and 1861 the use of soap in Britian doubles. = Christy's
1841 Nationwide [especially severe in the south] Yellow Fever = Epidemic
1841 U.S. President Harrison dies (April 4) one month after inauguration; John Tyler becomes first vice president to succeed to presidency. = Kid Info
20Jan1841 Henderson, Mason and Menard Counties were created in the state of Illinois = Cahokia
27Jan1841 Piatt County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia
17Feb1841 Grundy County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia
17Feb1841 Grundy County, named for Felix Grundy; established 17Feb1841 and created from LaSalle County; 1990 population was 32,337; mailing address of county clerk: 111 E Washington St; Morris IL 60450-2268
19Feb1841 Kendall County, named for Amos Kendall; established 19Feb1841 and created from LaSalle and Kane Counties; 1990 population was 39,413; mailing address of county clerk: 100 W Ridge St; Yorkville IL 60560-1432
19Feb1841 Kendall County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia
24Feb1841 Richland County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia
27Feb1841 Woodford County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia
27Feb1841 Woodford County, named for a county in Kentucky; established 27Feb1841 and created from Tazewell and McLean Counties; 1990 population was 32,653; mailing address of county clerk: POB 38; Eureka IL 61530-0038
1842 ~Opium war ended by Treaty of Nanking . Webster Ashburton Treaty is passed between Britain and the US, to settle disputes over the Canadian border. = Christy's
1842 William Bouck (Bauk) becomes Governor of New York = German American
1842 Fort Victoria established by HBC= Canada
Father Demers active in New Caledonia= Canada
1842 First use of anesthetic (sulphuric ether gas). WorldAlman
1842 Crawford Long uses first anesthetic (ether). = Kid Info
1842 43rd state admitted into the union, Idaho July 3, 1890; having been settled by 1842 =infoplease
1843 Wagner 's opera The Flying Dutchman. = Kid Info
1843 The measurement unit, the joule, is invented. British conquer the region now known as Pakistan. The Diet in Hungary passes legislation allowing offical positions to be open to non-nobles and making Magyar the language of schools, lawcourts and legistlature. = Christy's
1843 German Inspirationists settle near Buffalo and later move to Amana, IA = German American
1843 HBC begins laying out land boundaries= Canada
08Feb1843 Massac County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia
16Feb1843 Moultrie County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia
02Mar1843 Cumberland County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia
03Mar1843 Pulaski County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia
1844 Prince Carl of Solms-Braunfels sailed to America with three ships and 150 families to settle in Texas; the following year, New Braunfels, Texas, was established. = GermansInAm
1844 German aristocrats found the "Mainzer Adelsverein"for settlement in Texas. They build New Braunfels and Fredericksburg = German American
1844 Democratic convention calls for annexation of Texas and acquisition of Oregon ("Fifty-four-forty- or-fight"). Five Chinese ports opened to U.S. ships. Samuel F. B. Morse patents telegraph. = Kid Info
24May1844 First message over first telegraph line sent by inventor Samuel F B Morse from Washington to Baltimore: "What hath God wrought!" WorldAlman
1845 Congress adopts joint resolution for annexation of Texas. Edgar Allan Poe publishes The Raven and Other Poems. = Kid Info
1845 Ireland's ~potato famine starts. Edgar Allen Poe writes "the Raven " = Christy's
1845 In 1841 the Irish population was about 8 million. Estimates are that a working man ate 12-14 pounds of potatoes each day. (Langenheim & Thimann, 1982). Due to an exhausted system of landownership and attenuated tenancy (through subdivision and subletting of leases), by 1845 there are estimated to have been 65,000 Irish farms of an acre or less. On these farms the spade was the only tool and the potato the sole crop. (Zuckerman, 1998) In 1845 potato blight was imported to Europe from the Americas. By 1846 the potato crop in Ireland had totally failed. About 1,000,000 people died and another 1,000,000 emigrated. (Ponting, 1991) = PlantTrivia
03Mar1845 27th state admitted into the union, Florida Mar. 3, 1845; having been settled by 1565 =infoplease
04Jul1845 Texas Congress votes for annexation to the USofA. WorldAlman
29Dec1845 Texas Statehood. USTreasury
29Dec1845 28th state admitted into the union, Texas Dec. 29, 1845; having been settled by 1682 =infoplease
1846 War between Mexico and US ('46 - '48), the US win. The Smithsonian institute is founded in Washington. Britian repeals the Corn Laws . = Christy's
1846 German chemist Christian Schonbein discovered that a mixture of sulfuric acid and saltpeter (usually potassium nitrate) could dissolve cotton fabric, specifically his cotton apron. Moreover, he found that when his apron dried, it exploded. The new, unstable compound proved tantalizing. By 1885, Joseph Swan had tested strands of cellulose nitrate for use as elements in electric light bulbs. (Lewington, 1990) [See 1868] = PlantTrivia
1845 First German Workers Organization founded in New York City = German American
1846-1878 Pope Pius IX = Christianity
1846 Reported apparition of Mary in La Salette, France, considered "worthy of belief" by the Catholic Church = Christianity
1846 Oregon Treaty establishes 49th parallel as US-British boundary= Canada
HBC’s Pacific Headquarters shifts from Oregon (Columbia River) to Victoria= Canada
1846-7 A.C. Anderson explores routes between Thompson and Lower Fraser Rivers= Canada
1846 Elias Howe invented sewing machine. WorldAlman
1846 President James K Polk ordered Gen Zachary Taylor to seize disputed Texan land settled by Mexicans. WorldAlman
1846 Mormons evacuate Nauvoo, Carthage County, Illinois. StofIL1902
1846 U.S. declares war on Mexico . California and New Mexico annexed by U.S. Brigham Young leads Mormons to Great Salt Lake. W. T. Morton uses ether as anesthetic. Sewing machine patented by Elias Howe. Frederick Douglass launches abolitionist newspaper The North Star. Failure of potato crop causes famine in Ireland. = Kid Info
May1846 First regiment of Illinois volunteers enrolled for service in Mexican War. StofIL1902
13May1846 USofA declares war on Mexico, after border clash. Northern Whigs oppose war, Southerners backed it. WorldAlman
23May1846 Mexico declares war on USofA. WorldAlman
28Dec1846 29th state admitted into the union, Iowa Dec. 28, 1846; having been settled by 1788 =infoplease
1847 Ireland's potato famine ends. The Bronte sisters publish "Jane Eyre " and "Wuthering Heights " Joseph Pulitzer, a newspaperman is born. In December Christian VIII of Denmark dies and Frederik becomes king. Concern over the stability in the Helstat grows. Otto von Bismarck starts his political life as a substitute delegate to the Prussian United Diet. = Christy's
1847 The Missouri Synod of the Lutheran Church was founded by German immigrants to combat what they saw as the liberalization of Lutheranism in America. = GermansInAm
1847 Lutheran Missouri Synod organized, C.F.W. Walther, president = German American
1847 The American Medical Association was founded and began the formation of State and local societies. = Social Security
1847 Measles epidemic (to 1850)= Canada
1847 Sobrero invents nitorglycerine explosives in Italy. WallChartB
1847 Chocolate candy was first created. (Levetin & McMahon, 1996) = PlantTrivia
1847 New Orleans Yellow Fever = Epidemic
1847 45th state admitted into the union, Utah Jan. 4, 1896; having been settled by 1847 =infoplease
25Feb1847 Saline County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia
27Mar1847 Gen Winfield Scott w/12,000 troops captures Vera Cruz. WorldAlman
14Sep1847 Gen Winfield Scott w/12,000 troops captures Mexico City. WorldAlman
1847-8 Worldwide Influenza = Epidemic
1848 Illinois and Michigan Canal opened. = ILGenWeb
1848 ~Revolutions in France, Austrian Empire, Italy, and Germany ; Marx publishes "the Communist Manifesto". The US acquires Texas. Gold is discovered in California. At the urgings of the Eiderdanes, King Frederik of Denmark declares that Scleswig would be a full part of Denmark, having the same constition. The Germans in the area rebel setting up a provisional government for ~Schleswig-Holstein . = Christy's
1848 Revolts in Sicily and Milan; Republic of Venice declared = Tour Italy
1848-49 The failure of the revolutions of 1848 to establish democracy caused thousands to leave Germany to settle in America; the most famous of these refugees was Carl Schurz . He later served as a Union general in the Civil War, a United States senator from Missouri, and secretary of the interior under President Rutherford B. Hayes. = GermansInAm
1848 The German Revolution for "unity, justice and freedom" / J.J. Astor donates $400,000 for the Astor Public Library in New York City / New York's Germania Orchestra founded / Cincinnati Turnverein founded = German American
1848-49 First War of Independence; Piedmontese defeated by Austrians = Tour Italy
1848-1849 Revolutionary turmoil spreads throughout Europe. Austrian Chancellor Metternich flees; Ferdinand I abdicates in favor of eighteen-year-old Francis Joseph I, destined to have the longest reign of any monarch in modern times (sixty-eight years); Bukovina becomes an autonomous crownland; last vestiges of feudalism rescinded; poor harvests and cholera epidemics.= Bukovina
1848 Revolt in Paris: Louis Philippe abdicates; Louis Napoleon elected president of French Republic. Revolutions in Vienna, Venice, Berlin, Milan, Rome, and Warsaw. Put down by royal troops in 1848-1849. U.S.-Mexico War ends; Mexico cedes claims to Texas, California, Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Nevada. U.S. treaty with Britain sets Oregon Territory boundary at 49th parallel. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels's Communist Manifesto. Harriet Tubman escapes from slavery and joins the Underground Railroad . Women's Rights Convention in Seneca Falls, N.Y. = Kid Info
1848-9 Fort Hope established by HCB= Canada
24Jan1848 Gold discovered in California, 80,000 prospectors emigrate in 1849. WorldAlman
02Feb1848 Treaty signed,Mexico ceded claims to Texas, California, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, part of Colorado, US assumed $3,000,000 American claims & paid $15,000,000. WorldAlman
10Apr1848 Illinois and Michigan Canal completed, the first boat, the "General Fry" passed from Lockport to Chicago.
29May1848 30th state admitted into the union, Wisconsin May 29, 1848; having been settled by 1766 =infoplease
1848-9 North America Cholera = Epidemic
1849 Republic of Rome; despotism restored = Tour Italy
1849 Californian Gold Rush. Great Britain proclaims Vancouver Island a Crown Colony. Attempts to create an all-German union collapses. = Christy's
1849 Arrival of "Forty-Eighters" after the failed democratic revolution in Germany / First national "Saengerfest" of the North American Singers Union in Cincinnati / J.A. Sutter loses his land and fortune in the California gold rush = German American
1849 Royal Charter grants Vancouver Island to the HBC= Canada
Richard Blanshard becomes first Governor of the Colony of Vancouver Island= Canada
Chief Factor James Douglas receives direction to negotiate with VI Tribes= Canada
Fort Rupert established by HBC to supply coal to an American steamship line= Canada
Coal deposits at Nanaimo publicized= Canada
1849 36th state admitted into the union, Nevada Oct. 31, 1864; having been settled by 1849 =infoplease
1849 New York cholera = Epidemic
1850 Seventh federal census taken for the United States. For the first time since the census began, all persons in each household are listed by name. And that's not the only good news. The birthplace for each person is listed. All dwellings in each census district were given a number. Each family was also assigned an identification number. Each census sheet listed the county as well as town or township.
1850 See the 1900 population statistics for an idea of the population growth of this time period. = 1911 Encyclopedia Brit
1850s Nearly one million Germans immigrated to America in this decade, one of the peak periods of German immigration; in 1854 alone, 215,000 Germans arrived in this country. = GermansInAm
1850 Wilhelm Weitling and Hermann Kriege found the "Bund der Arbeiter" (Workers' League) / Levi Strauss produces first jeans = German American
1850 Chinese peasants demand land in Taiping Rebellion. Hawthorne's "The Scarlet Lette r" is written. Jeans are invented by Levi Strauss, a German who emigrated to America during the gold rush. The streets of Toronto are for the first time illuminated by gas streetlights. = Christy's
1850 The mechanization of agriculture began. Mechanical reapers, and later the internal combustion engine (and consequently the tractor) altered the face of the world - and the growth and increasing urbanization of the world population. Between 1860 and 1920, about 1,000,000,000 acres of new land were brought under cultivation, with another 1,000,000,000 acres coming into production during the following six decades. Improvements in shipping, refrigeration, and processing further industrialized this process. Today’s American farmer receives 4% of the price of chicken in the store and 12% of the price of a can of corn. (Ponting, 1991) = PlantTrivia
1850 Seed of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) were brought by a gold miner from Chile to California, where the plant thrived as a forage crop. (Heiser, 1981) = PlantTrivia
1850 Douglas concludes treaties in Victoria, Sooke & Metchosin= Canada
Measles epidemic spreads from coast to interior= Canada
1850s OMI Bishop Pierre Paul Durieu comes to the Northwest coast= Canada
Peter O’Reilly is Stipendiary Magistrate in Langley, then Fort Hope= Canada
1850-1 Royal Navy destroys Newitti Village= Canada
1850 Nationwide Yellow Fever = Epidemic
1850 Henry Clay opens great debate on slavery, warns South against secession. = Kid Info
09Sep1850 Senator Henry Clay's Compromise of 1850 admitted California as 31st state, slavery forbidden; made Utah & New Mexico territories without decision on slavery; made Fugitive Slave Law more harsh; ended District of Columbia slave trade. WorldAlman
09Sep1850 31st state admitted into the union, California Sept. 9, 1850; having been settled by 1769 =infoplease
1850-1 North America Influenza = Epidemic
1851 Beginning around 1820 and enduring for over 80 years, the "baked ‘tato man" was common on London streets, selling hot baked potatoes from fall through early spring. By 1851 there were over 300 such vendors, selling ten tons of potatoes each day. Some accounts suggest that hot potatoes at times were purchased as hand warmers. (Zuckerman, 1998) = PlantTrivia
1851 Illinois Central Railroad chartered. = ILGenWeb
1851 The telegraph is used to direct trains. = Christy's
1851 Douglas becomes Governor but remains Chief Factor of the HBC (to 1858)= Canada
Douglas concludes treaties in Fort Rupert= Canada
Joseph Despard Pemberton becomes Colonial Surveyor= Canada
Gunter’s Chain unit of land measurement introduced= Canada
Gold found on Queen Charlotte Islands. Gunboats sent to Queen Charlotte Islands= Canada
1851 Herman Melville 's Moby-Dick. = Kid Info
1851 Coles Co., IL, The Great Plains, and Missouri cholera = Epidemic
1852-1922 Charles Taze Russell, founded the Jehova's Witnesses movement in the 1870s = Christianity
1852 Second Empire declared in France. Harriet Beecher Stowe writes "Uncle Tom's Cabin" = Christy's
1852 Cavour prime minister of Piedmont = Tour Italy
1852 South African Republic established. Louis Napoleon proclaims himself Napoleon III ("Second Empire"). Harriet Beecher Stowe 's Uncle Tom's Cabin. = Kid Info
1852 Harriet Beecher Stowe publishes "Uncle Tom's Cabin." WorldAlman
1852 Nationwide [New Orleans-8,000 die in summer] Yellow Fever = Epidemic
1852 Douglas concludes treaties on Saanich peninsula= Canada
James Douglas becomes Lieutenant-Governor of the Queen Charlotte Islands= Canada
1852-3 Cowichan crisis. Gunboat dispatched= Canada
1853 Japanese trade isolation ends. Russia and Turkey are fighting again. Florence Nightengale works as a nurse during the Crimean War. = Christy's
1853 Crimean War begins as Turkey declares war on Russia. Commodore Perry reaches Tokyo. = Kid Info
1853 Peak of the California gold rush= Canada
1853 Heinrich Steinweg creates the Steinway piano in New York = German American
11Feb1853 Kankakee County, given an Indian name; established 11Feb1853 and created from Iroquois and Will Counties; 1990 population was 96,255; mailing address of county clerk: 450 E Court St; Kankankee IL 60901-3997
1854 ~Dickens publishes "Hard Times". France, Britain, and Russia fight over the Ottoman empire during the Crimean War. (1853-55) Russia loses. = Christy's
1854 First telegraph service in Czernowitz.= Bukovina
1854 Commodore Matthew C. Perry "opened" Japan’s doors to the West with signing of the Treaty of Kamagawa. Exchanges between the two countries included an American agricultural exhibit managed by Dr. James Morrow, assisted by S. Wells Williams, a Protestant missionary in China. Dried specimens from this first trip went to Williams’ boyhood friend, the Harvard botanist Asa Gray. These specimens were quickly followed by collections from Charles Wright, who had been working in the North Pacific as botanist on a US Surveying Expedition, and was able to go directly to Japan once the treaty was signed. (Spongberg, 1990) = PlantTrivia
1854 Britain and France join Turkey in war on Russia. In U.S., Kansas-Nebraska Act permits local option on slavery; rioting and bloodshed. Japanese allow American trade. Antislavery men in Michigan form Republican Party. Tennyson 's Charge of the Light Brigade. Thoreau 's Walden. = Kid Info
1854 Douglas concludes treaty in Nanaimo= Canada
1854 221,253 German immigrants arrive in this peak year = German American
28Feb1854 Republican party formed at Ripon, Wisconsin. Opposed Kansas-Nebraska Act (became law 30May) which left the issue of slavery to the vote of the settlers. WorldAlman
1855 Alexander II, (Nicholas' son) begins his reign. = Christy's
1855 Armed clashes in Kansas between pro- and anti-slavery forces. Florence Nightingale nurses wounded in Crimea. Walt Whitman 's Leaves of Grass. = Kid Info
1855 Nanaimo coalfields purchased by HBC= Canada
1855 The Government Hospital for the Insane was established (later became St. Elizabeth's Hospital of Washington, D.C.) = Social Security
1855 Nationwide [many parts] Yellow Fever = Epidemic
1855-1856: Crimean War. = Imperial Russia
1855 First steps were taken toward eventual production of rayon. After 1900, technology would be developed to allow production of rayon and cellophane. Both are products derived from cellulose extracted from wood chips. (Simpson, 1989) = PlantTrivia
21Apr1855 First railroad train crossed Mississippi on river's first bridge, Rock Island, Illinois-Davenport, Iowa. WorldAlman
1856-7 Nlaka’pamux force American miners to retreat= Canada
1856 Iran besieges the Afghanistan city of Herat, and the British (who control Afghanistan) declare war on Iran. Louis Pastue discovers that fermentation is caused by microorganisms. ~Nikola Tesla born. = Christy's
1856 Flaubert 's Madame Bovary. = Kid Info
1856 Margaretha Meyer Schurz, a German immigrant and wife of Carl Schurz, established the first kindergarten in America at Watertown, Wisconsin. = GermansInAm
1856 Republican party born in Illinois. StofIL1902
1856 Republican party's first nominee for president, John C Freemont, defeated. Abraham Lincoln made 50 speeches for him. WorldAlman
11Feb1856 Kankakee County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia
21May1856 Lawrence, Kansas sacked by slavery party. WorldAlman
30Aug1856 Abolitionist John Brown, led anti-slavery men against Missourians at Osawatomie, Kansas. WorldAlman
1857 Hindu and Muslim soldiers revolt against British in the Sepoy Rebellion in ~India . Iran and Great Britain sign a peace treaty. Petroleum is discovered in Pennslvania. After this paraffin oil begins to replace the use of sperm-whale oil. King Emmanuel of Sardinia and Prince Napoleon of France order the beginning of a jointly funded tunnel under Mont Cenis. = Christy's
1857 Adolphus Busch (1839-1913) left the Rhineland and settled in St. Louis, Missouri. Four years later, he married the daughter of a prosperous brewer. In addition to children, this union resulted in the founding of what was soon to become an industry giant with holdings across the country: the Anheuser-Busch Brewing Association. = GermansInAm
1857 Anglican missionary William Duncan arrives in Victoria= Canada
Anglicans establish Indian school at Fort Simpson= Canada
Methodists establish Indian school in Nanaimo= Canada
British Parliamentary inquiry into the affairs of the HBC= Canada
Colonial proclamation claims all gold mines. Gold mining licences introduced= Canada
1857-9 Worldwide [one of the greated epidemics] Influenza = Epidemic
1857 Supreme Court, in Dred Scott decision, rules that a slave is not a citizen. Financial crisis in Europe and U.S. Great Mutiny (Sepoy Rebellion ) begins in India. India placed under crown rule as a result. = Kid Info
1857 The first municipal pension fund was established providing disability and death benefits for New York City police. = Social Security
1857 The Columbia Institution for the Deaf, Dumb and Blind was founded (later became Gallaudet College). = Social Security
06Mar1857 Dred Scott decision by US Supreme Court held,6-3, that a slave did not become free when taken into a free state, Congress could not bar slavery from a territory, and blacks could not be citizens. WorldAlman
1858 Reported apparition of Mary in Lourdes, France, considered "worthy of belief" by the Catholic Church = Christianity
1858 The British government took over the rule of India. Russia and China sign the Treaty of Aygun extending Russian trading rights. Eraser is fitted to the end of a pencil. Gold is discovered in the Central Fraiser River and Cariboo Mountains. = Christy's
1858 Edward Bulwer-Lytton is Secretary of State for the Colonies = Canada
British Columbia Act. New Caledonia becomes Colony of British Columbia= Canada
James Douglas resigns from HBC to become Governor of mainland Colony of BC = Canada
British government passes act establishing direct rule on the mainland= Canada
Colonel R. C. Moody is Commissioner of Lands & Works (CLW) to 1864= Canada
Royal Engineers undertake mapping of BC mainland= Canada
Douglas reserves are laid out on BC mainland (to 1864) under Douglas’ policy= Canada
Colonial proclamation states that all land is vested in the crown= Canada
Indian people have right to pre-empt vacant crown land during Douglas’s governorship= Canada
Oblates of Mary Immaculate establish a centre at Esquimalt= Canada
Gunboats sent to New Caledonia (BC)= Canada
Fraser River Gold Rush= Canada
Steam boats penetrate Fraser River as far as Yale= Canada
Pack trail is established between Yale and Lytton= Canada
Construction of Harrison-Lillooet road commenced= Canada
1858 Pro-slavery constitution rejected in Kansas. Abraham Lincoln makes strong antislavery speech in Springfield, Ill.: "this Government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free." Lincoln-Douglas debates. First trans-Atlantic telegraph cable completed by Cyrus W. Field . = Kid Info
1858 Invention of the Mason jar stimulated use of large quantities of white sugar for preserves, reducing traditional reliance on maple sugar and molasses for home cooking. Usage of white sugar in the United States doubled between 1880 (when the tariff on imported sugar was lowered) and 1915. (Root, 1980) = PlantTrivia
1858 38th state admitted into the union, Colorado Aug. 1, 1876; having been settled by 1858 =infoplease
11May1858 32nd state admitted into the union, Minnesota May 11, 1858; having been settled by 1805 =infoplease
16May1858 Lincoln nominated for the Presidency in Chicago. StofIL1902
21Aug1858 Lincoln-Douglas debates in Illinois til 15Oct. WorldAlman
1859-1959 90 Catholic NT editions, 56 Catholic editions of the whole Bible = Christianity
1859-60 Piedmont annexes most of northern Italy; Nice and Savoy ceded to France = Tour Italy
1859 Darwin publishes "The Origins of Species ." John Stuart Mill publishes "On Liberty" = Christy's
1859 Gold Fields Act sets out Gold Commissioner’s duties and miners’ water rights= Canada
HBC trading license on Vancouver Island expires. James Douglas becomes Governor= Canada
J.D. Pemberton becomes Surveyor General of Vancouver Island= Canada
Douglas appoints first Gold Commissioners & Stipendiary Magistrates= Canada
Douglas reduces price of surveyed land= Canada
First Methodist missionaries at work in BC= Canada
Father Charles Pandosy (OMI) active in the Okanagan. Catholic mission established= Canada
Peter O’Reilly (Joseph Trutch’s brother-in-law) becomes Assistant Gold Commissioner= Canada
Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (Anglican) comes to BC= Canada
Methodists E. Evans, A. Browning, E. Robson and E. White active in Victoria = Canada
1859 40th state admitted into the union, South Dakota Nov. 2, 1889; having been settled by 1859 =infoplease
1859 John Brown raids Harpers Ferry; is captured and hanged. Work begins on Suez Canal . Unification of Italy starts under leadership of Count Cavour, Sardinian premier. Joined by France in war against Austria. Jean-Joseph-Étienne Lenoir builds first practical internal-combustion engine. Edward Fitzgerald's translation of The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam. Charles Darwin 's Origin of Species. J. S. Mill 's On Liberty. = Kid Info
1859 British farming observer James Caird, in his book Prairie Farming in America, noted that export of grain through Chicago was about 100 bushels in 1837, 2,243,000 bushels in 1847, and nearly 18 million bushels annually by 1857. (Mingay, 1977) = PlantTrivia
1859, two religious denominations in Pontiac, Livingston County, Illinois, Disciples and Christian, met together in an old schoolhouse on the river and due to large crowds began meeting in the County Courthouse. They soon erected a plain brick building for joint services, which was honored by the presence of Abraham Lincoln, who delivered an address therein. Disciple, Origin
1859 Abraham Lincoln acquires the "Illinois Staatsanzeiger" paper and struggles through German grammar = German American
14Feb1859 33rd state admitted into the union, Oregon Feb. 14, 1859; having been settled by 1811 =infoplease
17Feb1859 Ford County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia
17Feb1859 Ford County, named for Governor Thomas Ford; established 17Feb1859 and created from Clark County land which was unorganized territory attached to Vermilion County; 1990 population was14,300; mailing address of county clerk: 200 W State Rm 101; Paxton IL 60957-1145
27Aug1859 First commercially productive oil well, drilled near Titusville, Pennsylvania by Edwin L Drake. WorldAlman
16Oct1859 Abolitionist John Brown with 21 men seized US Armory at Harpers Ferry (then Virginia). US Marines captured raiders, killing several. Brown was hanged for treason by Virginia 02Dec. WorldAlman
1860 South Carolina secedes from the Union. = Kid Info
1860 eighth federal census taken for the United States. All persons in each household are listed by name. All dwellings in each census district were given a number. Each family was also assigned an identification number. Each census sheet listed the county as well as town or township and the post office name.
1860 See the 1900 population statistics for an idea of the population growth of this time period. = 1911 Encyclopedia Brit
1860 The United States Census reported 849,000 persons 65 and over (2.7% of the United States population). = Social Security
1860 An estimated 1.3 million German-born immigrants resided in the United States; 200 German-language magazines and newspapers were published in this country; in St. Louis alone, there were seven German-language newspapers. = GermansInAm
1860 End of state-sponsored colonization; German professionals, officials, artisans, and farmers migrate to Bukovina on their own initiative.= Bukovina
1860 Edgar Dewdney and Walter Moberly open Dewdney trail between Hope & Similkameen= Canada
Royal Engineers widen Douglas-Lilloet trail into wagon road= Canada
Similkameen post established by HBC = Canada
Proclamation establishes procedures for pre-emption of unsurveyed agricultural land= Canada
J.D. Pemberton is Surveyor-General Vancouver Island (to 1864)= Canada
Victoria Gas Company founded= Canada
Anglicans establish Indian school near Victoria= Canada
1860 Garibaldi and the Thousand capture Sicily and the south = Tour Italy
1860 Finland acquires its own currency, the markka or Finnish mark . = Finland
1860s Sawmilling begins to flourish and the paper industry starts to develop. = Finland
1860sDouglas or pre-Confederation reserves laid out (mostly to 1864; none after 1871)= Canada
William Cox is Gold Commissioner at Rock Creek= Canada
Commercial fishing begins to develop= Canada
1860-1 Pennsylvania Smallpox = Epidemic
03Apr1860 Pony Express between Sacramento CA & St Joseph MO, service ended 24Oct1861 when first transcontinental telegraph line was completed. WorldAlman
Nov1860 Abraham Lincoln, Republican 40% 180, elected president in 4-way race of Stephen A Douglas, Democrat 29% 12; John C Breckinridge, Democrat 18% 72; John Bell, Const Union 13% 39 electoral college votes. WorldAlman
1861 U.S. Civil War begins as attempts at compromise fail. Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas secede; with South Carolina, they form the Confederate States of America, with Jefferson Davis as president. Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina secede and join Confederacy. First Battle of Bull Run (Manassas).(For detailed chronology, see The Civil War .) Congress creates Colorado, Dakota, and Nevada territories; adopts income tax; Lincoln inaugurated. Serfs emancipated in Russia. Pasteur 's theory of germs. Independent Kingdom of Italy proclaimed under Sardinian king Victor Emmanuel II. = Kid Info
1861 American Civil War begins. Alexander II's Russian Act of Emancipation frees the serfs. William I becomes king of Prussia. The first Italian parliament is convened by Victor Emmanuel II. Great Britian takes possesion of Lagos Island (Nigeria). Bismark is made foreign minister of Prussia. = Christy's
1861: The Serfs are Emancipated. = Imperial Russia
1861 The Civil War (1861-65) / German-American militia safeguard Missouri for the Union / Julius Sturges brings first pretzel on the market in Lititz, PA = German American
1861 St. Mary’s Catholic mission established near Mission City (to 1984)= Canada
Gold discovered in the Upper Peace River region= Canada
Harrison-Lillooet wagon road completed= Canada
Proclamation consolidates laws relating to the settlement of unsurveyed crown lands= Canada
Country Land Purchase Act= Canada
29Jan1861 34th state admitted into the union, Kansas Jan. 29, 1861; having been settled by 1727 =infoplease
08Feb1861 Seven southern states set up Confederate States of America with Jefferson Davis as president, captured Federal arsenals and forts. WorldAlman
04Mar1861 Abraham Lincoln is inaugurated 16th US President. CWglance
06Mar1861 By act of the Confederate Congress, all volunteers for the mounted are were required to furnish their own horses and necessary equipage. In return, each man was to receive $.40 a day per diem for the use of his horse. Compensation (value at mustering) was provided if the animal was killed in action or died of a wound, but no reimbursement was allowed if it succumbed to disease or the rigors of campaigning. The Confederate Quartermaster was responsible for providing grain, hay and fodder. All horses brought into service were branded with the letters "CS." 35thTXCav
12Apr1861 Bombardment of Fort Sumter, NC until 13Apr. CWglance
15Apr1861 President Lincoln calls for 75,000 volunteers. CWglance
17Apr1861 Virginia secedes. CWglance
19Apr1861 Confederates occupy Harpers Ferry, VA (now WV). CWglance
03Jun1861 Engagement at Philippi, VA (now WV), first land "action" of the war. CWglance
10Jun1861 Engagement at Big Bethel, VA. CWglance
11Jun1861 Engagement at Rich Mountain, VA (now WV). CWglance
05Jul1861 Engagement at Carthage, MO. CWglance
21Jul1861 First Battle of Manassas (Bull Run), VA. CWglance
27Jul1861 George B McClellan takes command of Union Army of the Potomac. CWglance
10Aug1861 Battle of Wilson's Creek, MO. CWglance
27Aug1861 Battle of Hatteras Inlet, NC until 29Aug. CWglance
12Sep1861 Seige until 20Sep capture of Lexington, MO. CWglance
21Oct1861 Battle of Ball's Bluff, VA. CWglance
24Oct1861 First transcontinental telegraph line was completed marks the end of Pony Express (see 03Apr1860 start). WorldAlman
07Nov1861 Battle of Belmont MO. CWglance
07Nov1861 Battle of Port Royal Sound SC. CWglance
09Dec1861 Engagement at Chusto-Talash, Indian Territory. CWglance
26Dec1861 Engagement at Chustenahlah, Indian Territory. CWglance
1862 Victor Hugo publishes "Les Miserables". Henry David Thoreau dies. Port Royal Experiment of returning land to freed black slaves begins (in USA). Bismarck is transfered to Paris to serve as an ambassador there. In March the Prussian Landtag insists that on itemization of the budget so they can see that extra funds aren't going to the military. The king disolves the Landtag. In May there is another election of which the Deutsche Fortschrittsparte win 133 seats. On Sept. 23 the Landtag delete from the budget money which has already gone towards military reorganization. Bismarck is called in for advice and made minister of foreign affairs for Prussia. = Christy's
1862 Manz mines go into receivership; miners reduced to dire economic straits until well into the twentieth century; emigration from Bukovina in search of better livelihood begins.= Bukovina
1862 Homestead Act / Sioux Uprising in Minnesota. Attack on the German Turner town of New Ulm, MN = German American
1862 Metlakatla mission established (to 1887)= Canada
Thomas Crosby (Protestant) active in Nanaimo= Canada
Smallpox epidemic reduces aboriginal populations in BC (to 1863)= Canada
Peak of the Cariboo Gold Rush= Canada
Gold rush on Stikine= Canada
Building of Cariboo Road between Yale and Barkerville commenced (completed in 1865)= Canada
1862 Partially to deal with Civil War debt, Congress established a Commissioner of Internal Revenue. One tax collected was on whiskey, beginning at $.20 per gallon in 1863, the tax rose to $2 per gallon by 1865. (Fussell, 1992) = PlantTrivia
1862 Several major Civil War battles: Battle of Shiloh, Second Battle of Bull Run (Manassas), Battle of Antietam. Salon des Refusés introduces impressionism. = Kid Info
10Jan1862 Battle of Middle Creek, KY. CWglance
19Jan1862 Battle of Mill Springs, KY. CWglance
06Feb1862 Forts Henry & Donelson Campaign, TN. CWglance
06Feb1862 Battle of Fort Henry. CWglance
08Feb1862 Battle of Roanoke Island, NC. CWglance
13Feb1862 Battle of Fort Donelson until 16Feb. CWglance
21Feb1862 Engagement at Valverde, New Mexico Territory. CWglance
06Mar1862 Battle of Pea Ridge AK until 08Mar. CWglance
09Mar1862 USS Monitor vs CSS Virginia in Hampton Roads, VA. First naval battle between ironclad vessels. CWglance
23Mar1862 Battle of Kernstown (Stonewall Jackson's Shenandoah Valley Campaign, VA 23Mar to 09Jun). CWglance
26Mar1862 Battle of Glorieta Pass, NM Territory until 28Mar. CWglance
Apr1862 Farragut's Mississippi River Operations until Aug1862. CWglance
04Apr1862 McCellan's Army of the Potomac begins advance up the Virginia peninsula toward Richmond. CWglance
05Apr1862 McCellan's army begeiges Confederate forces at Yorktown, VA until 04May. CWglance
06Apr1862 Battle of Shiloh, TN until 07Apr. CWglance
07Apr1862 Capture of Island No. 10, TN. CWglance
10Apr1862 Bombardment & capture of Fort Pulaski, GA until 11Apr. CWglance
18Apr1862 Battle of Forts Jackson and St Philip, LA until 24Apr (Farragut's Mississippi River Operations). CWglance
29Apr1862 Seige of Corinth, MS until 30May. CWglance
08May1862 Battle of McDowell (Stonewall Jackson's Shenandoah Valley Campaign, VA 23Mar to 09Jun). CWglance
15May1862 Battle of Drewry's Bluff, VA. CWglance
20May1862 Homestead Act approved, granting free family farms to settlers. WorldAlman
23May1862 Battle of Front Royal (Stonewall Jackson's Shenandoah Valley Campaign, VA 23Mar to 09Jun). CWglance
25May1862 1st Battle of Winchester (Stonewall Jackson's Shenandoah Valley Campaign, VA 23Mar to 09Jun). CWglance
31May1862 Battle of Seven Pines (Fair Oaks), VA until 01Jun. CWglance
01Jun1862 Robert E Lee assumes command of the Army of Northern Virginia. CWglance
06Jun1862 Battle of Memphis, TN. CWglance
08Jun1862 Battle of Cross Keys (Stonewall Jackson's Shenandoah Valley Campaign, VA 23Mar to 09Jun). CWglance
09Jun1862 Battle of Port Republic (Stonewall Jackson's Shenandoah Valley Campaign, VA 23Mar to 09Jun). CWglance
25Jun1862 Battle of Oak Grove (7 Days' Battles Around Richmond). CWglance
26Jun1862 Battle of Mechanicsville (7 Days' Battles Around Richmond). CWglance
27Jun1862 Battle of Gaines' Mill (7 Days' Battles Around Richmond). CWglance
29Jun1862 Battle of Savage's Station (7 Days' Battles Around Richmond). CWglance
30Jun1862 Battle of Glendale (Fraser's Farm)(7 Days' Battles Around Richmond). CWglance
01Jul1862 Battle of Malvern Hill (7 Days' Battles Around Richmond). CWglance
05Aug1862 Battle of Baton Rouge, LA (Farragut's Mississippi River Operations). CWglance
09Aug1862 Battle of Cedar Mountain, VA. CWglance
28Aug1862 Battle of Second Manassas (Bull Run), VA until 30Aug. CWglance
29Aug1862 Battle of Richmond, KY until 30Aug. CWglance
01Sep1862 Battle of Chantilly (Ox Hill), VA. CWglance
12Sep1862 Seige & Capture of Harpers Ferry, VA (now WV) til 15Sep. CWglance
14Sep1862 Battles of S Mountain & Antietam(Sharpsburg) til 17Sep. CWglance
14Sep1862 Seige of Munfordville, KY until 17Sep. CWglance
19Sep1862 Battle of Iuka, MS. CWglance
03Oct1862 Battle of Corinth, MS until 04Oct. CWglance
08Oct1862 Battle of Perryville, KY. CWglance
16Oct1862 Grant's First Vicksburg Campaign, MS until 20Dec. CWglance
07Nov1862 Ambrose E Burnside replaces McClellan as commander of the Army of the Potomac. CWglance
07Dec1862 Battle of Prairie Grove, AK. CWglance
11Dec1862 Battle of Fredericksburg, VA until 13Dec. CWglance
11Dec1862 Forrest's West Tennessee Raid until 01Jan1863 (Grant's First Vicksburg Campaign, MS). CWglance
17Dec1862 Van Dorn's Holly Springs Raid until 28Dec (Grant's First Vicksburg Campaign, MS). CWglance
27Dec1862 Battle of Chickasaw Bayou, MS until 29Dec. CWglance
31Dec1862 Battle of Stones River, TN until 02Jan. CWglance
1863 The Polish revolt again, and are again defeated by the Russians = Christy's
1863 German Protestant daughter colony of Alexanderdorf founded.= Bukovina
1863 Road between Spence’s Bridge and Clinton completed= Canada
St. Mary’s mission established by the Oblates= Canada
1863 Pasteur invents pasteurization in France. WallChartB
1863 Finland's own legislature convenes. Emperor Alexander II decrees that Finnish is to have equal status with Swedish as a language of administration. The decree is to have the force of law within 20 years. = Finland
1863 French capture Mexico City; proclaim Archduke Maximilian of Austria emperor. Battle of Gettysburg. = Kid Info
01Jan1863 Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation. CWglance
01Jan1863 Battle of Galveston, TX. CWglance
09Jan1863 Battle of Arkansas Post, AK until 11Jan. CWglance
19Jan1863 Burnside's "Mud March" until 23Jan. CWglance
26Jan1863 Joseph Hooker succeeds Burnside as commander of the Army of the Potomac. CWglance
29Mar1863 Grant's Second Vicksburg Campaign, MS until 04Jul. CWglance
07Apr1863 Federal Ironclads attack Charleston, SC. CWglance
11Apr1863 Seige of Suffolk, VA until 04May. CWglance
11Apr1863 Streight's Raid, TN-AL until 03May (Grant's Second Vicksburg Campaign). CWglance
16Apr1863 Union fleet passes Vicksburg river batteries til 22Apr (Grant's Second Vicksburg Campaign). CWglance
17Apr1863 Grierson's Raid, TN-MS-LA until 02May (Grant's Second Vicksburg Campaign). CWglance
29Apr1863 Stoneman's Raid (Chancellorsville Campaign). CWglance
29Apr1863 Battle of Grand Gulf (Grant's Second Vicksburg Campaign). CWglance
01May1863 Battle of Port Gibson (Grant's 2d Vicksburg Campaign). CWglance
01May1863 Battle of Chancellorsville (Chancellorsville Campaign). CWglance
02May1863 Stonewall Jackson wounded (Chancellorsville Campaign). CWglance
03May1863 2nd Battle of Fredericksburg (Chancellorsville Campaign). CWglance
03May1863 Battle of Salem Church (Chancellorsville Campaign). CWglance
10May1863 Stonewall Jackson dies at Guiney's Station, VA. CWglance
12May1863 Battle of Raymond (Grant's 2nd Vicksburg Campaign). CWglance
14May1863 Battle of Jackson (Grant's 2nd Vicksburg Campaign). CWglance
16May1863 Battle of Champion Hill (Grant's 2d Vicksburg Campaign). CWglance
17May1863 Battle of Big Black River Bridge (Grant's Second Vicksburg Campaign). CWglance
19May1863 Seige until 04Jul and surrender of Vicksburg (Grant's Second Vicksburg Campaign). CWglance
21May1863 Siege until 09Jul surrender of Port Hudson, LA. CWglance
07Jun1863 Battle of Milliken's Bend, LA (Grant's Second Vicksburg Campaign). CWglance
09Jun1863 Battle of Brandy Station, VA (Gettysburg Campaign). CWglance
13Jun1863 2nd Battle of Winchester, VA (Gettysburg Campaign). CWglance
20Jun1863 35th state admitted into the union, West Virginia June 20, 1863; having been settled by 1727 =infoplease
23Jun1863 Tullahoma Campaign, TN until 04Jul. CWglance
28Jun1863 George G Meade replaces Hooker as commander of the Army of the Potomac (Gettysburg Campaign). CWglance
01Jul1863 Battle of Gettysburg, PA (Gettysburg Campaign). CWglance
02Jul1863 Morgan's Raid, KY-IN-OH until 26Jul. CWglance
10Jul1863 Seige of Jackson, MS until 16Jul. CWglance
11Jul1863 Assault on Fort Wagner, Charleston, SC. CWglance
13Jul1863 New York City draft riots until 16Jul. CWglance
17Jul1863 Battle of Honey Springs (Elk Creek), Indian Territory. CWglance
18Jul1863 Assault on Fort Wagner, Charleston, SC. CWglance
Aug1863 Chickamauga Campaign, GA until Sep1863. CWglance
08Sep1863 Battle of Sabine Pass, TX. CWglance
18Sep1863 Battle of Chickamauga til 20Sep (Chickamauga Campaign). CWglance
Oct1863 Chattanooga Campaign, TN until Nov1863. CWglance
14Oct1863 Battle of Bristoe Station, VA. CWglance
28Oct1863 Wauhatchie Night Attack til 29Oct (Chattanooga Campaign). CWglance
Nov1863 Knoxville Campaign, TN until Dec1863. CWglance
06Nov1863 Battle of Droop Mountain, WV. CWglance
07Nov1863 Engagement at Rappahannock Station, VA. CWglance
17Nov1863 Siege of Knoxville until 04Dec (Knoxville Campaign). CWglance
19Nov1863 Lincoln delivers his Gettysburg Address. CWglance
23Nov1863 Battle of Chattanooga til 25Nov (Chattanooga Campaign). CWglance
26Nov1863 Mine Run Campaign, Va until 02Dec. CWglance
1864 Russian law establishes local legislatures. Louis Pasteur proves that abiogenesis doesn't work. Prussia and Austria join forces to capture Holstein and Schleswig from the Danish. = Christy's
1864 Western Union Telegraph Company decides to build telegraph through BC= Canada
Wagon road to Cottonwood completed= Canada
Ahousat villages destroyed by Royal Navy= Canada
Burrard mission established in Squamish territory= Canada
Chilcotin Nation uprising against Bute Inlet wagon road building party. Manhunt follows= Canada
Some members of the Chilcotin Nation tried and hanged for uprising deaths = Canada
Vancouver Island Exploring Expedition= Canada
British Vancouver Island Coal Mining Company buys HBC coal fields at Nanaimo= Canada
1864 Gen. Sherman's Atlanta campaign and "march to the sea." = Kid Info
03Feb1864 Meridian Expedition, MS until 04Mar. CWglance
20Feb1864 Battle of Olustee (Ocean Pond) FL. CWglance
22Feb1864 Battle of Okolona (Meridian Expedition). CWglance
12Mar1864 Red River and Camden Campaigns, LA-AK until 20May. CWglance
23Mar1864 Camden Expedition, AK until 03May (Red River and Camden Campaigns). CWglance
08Apr1864 Battle of Mansfield, LA (Red River and Camden Campaigns). CWglance
09Apr1864 Battle of Pleasant Hill, LA (Red River and Camden Campaigns) CWglance
12Apr1864 Fort Pillow "massacre", TN. CWglance
30Apr1864 Battle of Jenkins' Ferry, AK (Red River and Camden Campaigns). CWglance
05May1864 Battle of the Wilderness, VA until 06May. CWglance
07May1864 Sherman's Atlanta Campaign, GA until 02Sep. CWglance
08May1864 Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, VA until 21May. CWglance
09May1864 Sherman's Richmond Raid until 24May. CWglance
13May1864 Battle of Resaca til 15May (Sherman's Atlanta Campaign). CWglance
15May1864 Battle of New Market, VA. CWglance
16May1864 Battle of Drewry's Bluff, VA. CWglance
23May1864 Battle of North Anna River, VA until 26May. CWglance
25May1864 Battles of New Hope Church, Pickett's Mill, and Dallas until 28May (Sherman's Atlanta Campaign). CWglance
31May1864 Battle of Cold Harbor, VA until 12Jun. CWglance
05Jun1864 Battle of Piedmont, VA. CWglance
10Jun1864 Battle of Brice's Cross Roads, MS. CWglance
11Jun1864 Battle of Trevilian Station, VA until 12Jun. CWglance
15Jun1864 Battle of Petersburg, VA until 18Jun. CWglance
17Jun1864 Battle of Lynchburg, VA until 18Jun. CWglance
18Jun1864 Seige of Petersburg, VA until 02Apr1865. CWglance
23Jun1864 Early's Washington Raid until 25Jul. CWglance
27Jun1864 Battle of Kennesaw Mountain (Sherman's Atlanta Campaign). CWglance
09Jul1864 Battle of Monocacy, MD (Early's Washington Raid). CWglance
12Jul1864 Battle of Fort Stevens, near Washington, DC (Early's Washington Raid). CWglance
14Jul1864 Battle of Tupelo, MS. CWglance
20Jul1864 Battle of Peachtree Creek (Sherman's Atlanta Campaign). CWglance
22Jul1864 Battle of Atlanta (Sherman's Atlanta Campaign). CWglance
24Jul1864 2nd Battle of Kernstown, VA (Early's Washington Raid). CWglance
28Jul1864 Battle of Ezra Church (Sherman's Atlanta Campaign). CWglance
30Jul1864 Battle of the Crater (Seige of Vicksburg). CWglance
05Aug1864 Battle of Mobile Bay, AL. CWglance
07Aug1864 Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign, Va until 19Oct. CWglance
18Aug1864 Battles of Weldon Railroad and Ream's Station until 25Aug (Seige of Vicksburg). CWglance
29Aug1864 Price's Raid until 25Dec AK-MO-KS-Indian Terr-TX. CWglance
31Aug1864 Battle of Jonesboro until 01Sep(Sherman's Atlanta Campaign). CWglance
02Sep1864 Union troops occupy Atlanta (Sherman's Atlanta Campaign). CWglance
19Sep1864 3rd Battle of Winchester (Opequon Creek)(Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign). CWglance
22Sep1864 Battle of Fisher's Hill (Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign). CWglance
29Sep1864 Engagement at New Market Heights (Seige of Vicksburg). CWglance
29Sep1864 Engagement of Fort Harrison (Chaffin's Farm) until 30Sep (Seige of Vicksburg). CWglance
29Sep1864 Battle of Feebles' Farm til 02Oct (Seige of Vicksburg). CWglance
19Oct1864 Battle of Cedar Creek (Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign). CWglance
27Oct1864 Battle of Burgess' Mill (Boydton Plank Road) until 28Oct (Seige of Vicksburg). CWglance
31Oct1864 36th state admitted into the union, Nevada Oct. 31, 1864; having been settled by 1849 =infoplease
08Nov1864 Lincoln reelected President of the United States. CWglance
15Nov1864 Sherman's Savannah Campaign (March to the Sea), GA until 21Dec. CWglance
22Nov1864 Engagement at Griswoldville, GA (Sherman's Savannah Campaign) (March to the Sea). CWglance
29Nov1864 Hood's Tennessee Campaign until 27Dec. CWglance
29Nov1864 Affair at Spring Hill (Hood's Tennessee Campaign). CWglance
30Nov1864 Engagement at Honey Hill, SC (Sherman's Savannah Campaign) (March to the Sea). CWglance
30Nov1864 Battle of Franklin (Hood's Tennessee Campaign). CWglance
13Dec1864 Capture of Fort McAllister, GA (Sherman's Savannah Campaign) (March to the Sea). CWglance
15Dec1864 Battle of Nashville until 16Dec (Hood's Tennessee Campaign). CWglance
21Dec1864 Savannah, GA occupied (Sherman's Savannah Campaign)(March to the Sea). CWglance
1865 Union army volunteers born in Germany numbered 5,000; 41 reached the rank of Major General / Young Count Zeppelin spent some time as a balloon observer = German American
1865 Russia captures Tashkent. American civil war ends. British physicist James Clerk Maxwell comes up with a theory to unify partial theories on electricity and magnetism. Ku Klux Klan forms in Tennessee. Lewis Carrol writes "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland ". Between 1865 and 1890 the rates on freight trains dropped and services rose from 10 billion ton-miles to 72 billion. = Christy's
1865 Capital moved from Turin to Florence = Tour Italy
1865 Gen. Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox; the Civil War is over. Lincoln fatally shot at Ford's Theater by John Wilkes Booth . Vice President Johnson sworn as successor. Booth caught and dies of gunshot wounds; four conspirators are hanged. Joseph Lister begins antiseptic surgery. Gregor Mendel 's Law of Heredity. Lewis Carroll 's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. = Kid Info
1865 New Westminster is connected by telegraph to the United States= Canada
Indian Graves Ordinance= Canada
Western Union builds telegraph line north to Quesnel= Canada
Vancouver Island Legislative Assembly calls for reserves to be opened up to settlement= Canada
Fort Rupert village destroyed by HMS Clio= Canada
1865-73 Philadelphia, NY, Boston, New Orleans} {Smallpox Baltimore, Memphis, Washington DC} {Cholera [A series of recurring epidemics of:} Typhus Typhoid Scarlet Fever Yellow Fever = Epidemic
13Jan1865 Attack and capture of Fort Fisher, NC until 14Jan. CWglance
14Jan1865 Sherman's Carolinas Campaign until 26Apr. CWglance
05Feb1865 Battle of Hatcher's Run until 07Feb (Seige of Petersburg). CWglance
22Feb1865 Capture of Wilmington, NC. CWglance
08Mar1865 Battle of Kinston, NC until 10Mar (Sherman's Carolinas Campaign). CWglance
16Mar1865 Battle of Averasboro, NC (Sherman's Carolinas Campaign). CWglance
19Mar1865 Battle of Bentonville, NC until 21Mar (Sherman's Carolinas Campaign). CWglance
22Mar1865 Wilson's Alabama and Georgis Raid until 22Apr. CWglance
23Mar1865 Stoneman's North Carolina & Virginia Raid until 23Apr. CWglance
25Mar1865 Battle of Fort Stedman (Seige of Petersburg). CWglance
25Mar1865 Mobile Campaign, AL until 12Apr. CWglance
27Mar1865 Siege of Spanish Fort until 08Apr (Mobile Campaign). CWglance
01Apr1865 Battle of Five Oaks (Seige of Petersburg). CWglance
02Apr1865 Battle of Selma, AL. CWglance
02Apr1865 Petersburg lines breached (Seige of Petersburg). CWglance
02Apr1865 Confederates evacuate Richmond and Petersburg. CWglance
02Apr1865 Siege until 09Apr and capture of Fort Blakely (Mobile Campaign). CWglance
03Apr1865 Union forces occupy Richmond. CWglance
06Apr1865 Battle of Sayler's Creek, VA. CWglance
12Apr1865 Surrender of Mobile (Mobile Campaign). CWglance
13Apr1865 Raleigh, NC occupied (Sherman's Carolinas Campaign). CWglance
14Apr1865 President Abraham Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth in Ford's Theatre, Washington; died the following morning. Booth was reported dead 26Apr, four conspirators were hanged 07Jul. WorldAlman
26Apr1865 Surrender of Gen Joseph E Johnston's Confederate forces near Durham Station, NC (Sherman's Carolinas Campaign). CWglance
04May1865 Surrender of Lt General Richard Taylor's Confederate forces at Citronelle, AL. CWglance
12May1865 Battle of Palmito Ranch, TX. Last CW land engagement. CWglance
23May1865 Grand Review of Federal armies in Washington DC. CWglance
26May1865 Surrender of Lt General E Kirby Smith's Confederate forces at New Orleans, LA. CWglance
23Jun1865 Surrender of Brig General Stand Watie's Confederate Indian forces at Doaksville, Indian Territory. CWglance
1866 Feodor Dostoevsky writes "Crime and Punishment " Bismark uses a dispute over Holstein to go to war with Austria. The German Confederation is disbanded and Schleswig and Holstein are annexed by Prussia. = Christy's
1866 After Prussia's victory over its archrival, Austria is no longer a member state of the German Federation / Adolf Pfannenschmidt from Rinteln founds Pfannenschmidtstadt-better known today as Hollywood! = German American
1866 Prussia secedes from German Confederation; outbreak of Seven Weeks' War (Austria and German Confederation against Prussia and Italy); demise of German Confederation; Austria excluded from German affairs by Treaty of Prague; outbreaks of cholera in Bukovina; railroad completed linking Lemberg (Lvov) with Czernowitz. = Bukovina
1866 Venice becomes part of Italian kingdom after Third War of Independence = Tour Italy
1866 Chilliwack is connected by telegraph to the United States= Canada
Union of colonies of Vancouver Island and BC = Canada
Western Union Telegraph line & trail reaches Kispiox River= Canada
New Westminister becomes capital of new colony of BC= Canada
North America and Europe connected by cable= Canada
1866 Nobel invents dynamite in Sweden. WallChartB
1866 Alfred Nobel invents dynamite (patented in Britain, 1867). Seven Weeks' War : Austria defeated by Prussia and Italy. = Kid Info
1866 Eighteen year old Jack Newton Daniel established his distillery in Tennessee. (Fussell, 1992) = PlantTrivia
1866 Ku Klux Klan formed secretly in South to terrorize blacks who voted. Disbanded 1869-1871. A second Klan was organized in 1915. WorldAlman
1867 Dominion of Canada created. John A Macdonald becomes prime minster of Canada . Reform Bill extends suffrage in Britain. Russia sells Alaska to the US. Alfred Nobel invents dynamite. Karl Marx writes "Das Kapital". Laura Ingalls Wilder is born. The last Japanese shogun, Hitotsubashi, resigns and the emperor regains the position as actual head of the government. 21 German states north of the Main River join a North German Confederation led by Prussia. By now the Singer Corporation (producing sewing machines) has factories in Britian, France and Argentina. Henry Sorby discovered (and named) carotene, the chemical that gives all plants and animals their red and yellow coloring. = Christy's
1867 Austria-Hungary Dual Monarchy established. French leave Mexico; Maximilian executed. Dominion of Canada established. U.S. buys Alaska from Russia for $7,200,000. South African diamond field discovered. Japan ends 675-year shogun rule. Volume I of Marx's Das Kapital. Strauss 's Blue Danube. = Kid Info
1867 Ausgleich (compromise) with Hungarians in Austrian Empire; establishment of Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary which lasts until end of World War I; national unrest within Empire intensifies.= Bukovina
1867 America's first Socialist party formed in New York City = German American
1867 An Ordinance to prevent the violation of Indian Graves = Canada
Reverend Good establishes St. Paul’s mission in Lytton area= Canada
Alaska is transferred to the US from Russia= Canada
1867 Smith invents barbed wire (first patent) in US. WallChartB
1867 Maximilian dies. EncycloTX
1867 Federal Department of Education was established. = Social Security
1867 University of Illinois founded at Urbana. = ILGenWeb
01Mar1867 37th state admitted into the union, Nebraska Mar. 1, 1867; having been settled by 1823 =infoplease
1868 Start of the Meiji Restoration in Japan. Louisa May Alcott writes "Little Women " = Christy's
1868 Beginnings of a viable press in Bukovina with the publication of the Czernowitzer Zeitung; by the end of Hapsburg period Bukovina emerges with most sophisticated journalistic tradition in southeast Europe in which the German press predominates. = Bukovina
1868 Revolution in Spain; Queen Isabella deposed, flees to France. In U.S., Fourteenth Amendment giving civil rights to blacks is ratified. Georgia under military government after legislature expels blacks.
1868 Capital of BC moved to Victoria from New Westminister= Canada
1868 The first major industrial medical care prepayment program, the hospital department of the Southern Pacific Railroad Company, was
organized in Sacramento, California. = Social Security
1868 J. W. Hyatt was awarded a $10,000 prize for his invention of a process to manufacture plastic billiard balls, using a mixture of camphor and nitro-cellulose. (Lewington, 1990) [See 1846] = PlantTrivia
24Feb1868 President Andrew Johnson tried to remove Edwin M Stanton, secretary of war; was impeached by House for violation of Tenure of Office Act. WorldAlman
Mar1868 President Andrew Johnson was acquitted by Senate for violation of Tenure of Office Act (thru May) Secretary of War Edwin M Stanton resigned. WorldAlman
11Mar1868 Illinois University founded. StofIL1902
1868 Earthquakes in Peru and Ecuador kills 40,000 = Christianity
1869-1870 First Vatican Council, 20th ecumenical, affirms doctrine of papal infallibility (ie. when a pope speaks ex cathedra on faith or morals he does so with the supreme apostolic authority, which no Catholic may question or reject) = Christianity
1869 Suez Canal completed. Louis Riel leads the Metis against Canada. The doctrine of papal infallibility is established during the Vatican Council I. The American transcontinental line was completed. = Christy's
1869 Austrian census reveals a population in Bukovina of more than 500,000 including 40,000 Germans; enactment of law for compulsory elementary school education (Reichsvolksschulgesetz) throughout Austrian Empire; German Protestant daughter colony of Katharinendorf founded.= Bukovina
1869 First U.S. transcontinental rail route completed. James Fisk and Jay Gould 's attempt to control gold market causes Black Friday panic. Suez Canal opens. Mendeleev 's periodic table of elements. = Kid Info
1869 Transcontinental railway link completed in American territory= Canada
Omineca gold rush begins= Canada
1869 The first State Board of Health in the United States was formed in Massachusetts. = Social Security
1869 A biologist imported European gypsy moth to the US for study. A few of those insects escaped and established populations that have caused great devastation to Eastern forests. (Shetler in Viola & Margolis, 1991) = PlantTrivia
1870 Ninth federal census taken for the United States. All persons in each household are listed by name. All dwellings in each census district were given a number. Each family was also assigned an identification number. Each census sheet listed the county as well as town or township and the post office name. For the first time, the census asked about the birthplace of parents. = Census
1870 See the 1900 population statistics for an idea of the population growth of this time period. = 1911 Encyclopedia Brit
1870 San Antonio, TX is 50% German / The Franco-Prussian War (1870-71); Chancellor Otto von Bismarck unites German states in the "Second Reich" (1871-1918) = German American
1870 During this decade the Red Delicious apple would be discovered in Iowa. The Golden Delicious apple originated on a farm in West Virginia in 1910. (Levetin & McMahon, 1996) = PlantTrivia
1870 (1870s - Indian Independence movement begins to grow.) Manitoba enters the Canadian Confederation. Hudson's Bay Company transfers the Northwest Territories into the Canadian Confederation. John D. Rockefeller founds Standard Oil Company. Franco-Prussian War. = Christy's
1870 Franco-Prussian War (to 1871): Napoleon III capitulates at Sedan. Revolt in Paris; Third Republic proclaimed. = Kid Info
1870 Rome captured and becomes capital; unification complete; Law of Guarantees = Tour Italy
1870s Economic depression in BC= Canada
Methodists active in Victoria and Nanaimo areas= Canada
Timber lands begin to be leased= Canada
Fort Grahame established by HBC= Canada
Mission established at Cowichan= Canada
Pelagic sealing industry established (to 1911)= Canada
1871 Reported apparition of Mary in Pontmain, France, considered "worthy of belief" by the Catholic Church = Christianity
1871 Proclamation of German Empire under Prussian leadership.= Bukovina
1871 German Empire founded after defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian War and William I is proclaimed Kaiser. BC becomes a province of Canada. In Japan, an imperial decree abolishes all fiefs. Also in Japan, a ministry of education is set up, to try and provide universal education. Italy is unified, with Rome as its capital. = Christy's
1871 Telegraph line from New Westminster to Quesnel comes under Dominion jurisdiction= Canada
Canning Industry begins with establishment of Fraser River Canneries= Canada
Mission established at Sechelt= Canada
Port Essington shipping and canning centre founded= Canada
1871 France surrenders Alsace-Lorraine to Germany; war ends. German Empire proclaimed with Prussian King as Kaiser Wilhelm I . Fighting with Apaches begins in American West. Boss Tweed corruption exposed in New York. The Chicago Fire, with 250 deaths and $196-million damage. Stanley meets Livingstone in Africa. = Kid Info
08Oct1871 Great fire destroyed Chicago, est loss $196,000,000. WorldAlman
08Oct1871 (In Chicago)...a fire broke out near the lumber district on the West Side. Two-thirds of the city’s buildings were wood, and the summer had been excessively dry, while to make conditions worse a high and veering wind fanned the flames. The conflagration leaped the river to the South and finally to the North Side, burned over an area of 32 sq. m., destroyed 17,450 buildings and property valued at $196,000,000 and rendered almost I00,000 people homeless; 250 lost their lives. The flames actually travelled 22 m. in an air-line within 64 hours. Thousands of persons, fleeing before the flames and fire-brands, sought refuge on the shore and even in the waters of the lake. Robbery, pillage, extortion, orgies and crime added to the general horror. In the South Side the fire was checked on the 9th by the use of gunpowder; in the North (where the waterworks were early destroyed) it had extended almost to the prairie when rainfall finally ended its ravages, after about twenty seven hours of destruction. With the exception of the San Francisco fire of 1906 this was the greatest fire of modern times. = 1911 Encyclopedia Brit
1872 Japan introduces universal military services. Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleyev publishes his periodic table. Gas streetlights come to Tokyo. = Christy's
1872 The century-old privileges granted to German farmers settled in Russia were revoked by the Tsarist government, causing thousands of the farmers to emigrate. By 1920, there were well over 100,000 of these so-called Volga and Black Sea Germans in the United States, with the greatest numbers in the Dakotas, Nebraska, and Colorado. Black Sea Germans soon became known for their skill as wheat farmers. In 1990 an estimated one million descendants of these Russian Germans lived in America. = GermansInAm
1872 Congress gives amnesty to most Confederates. Jules Verne 's Around the World in 80 Days. = Kid Info
1872 Brewers Philip Best, Valentin Blatz, Franz Falk,Frederick Miller, Jacob Obermann, Frederick Pabst, Joseph Schlitz and others make Milwaukee the leading beer exporter = German American
1872 Small pox epidemic in BC= Canada
The right to vote in BC elections withdrawn from Indian people in BC (to 1949)= Canada
Province makes public education free = Canada
San Juan Island becomes part of US= Canada
1872 Union stock yards incorporated in Chicago. StofIL1902
1872 The American Public Health Association was organized. During its early years this organization was composed largely of administrative health officers who were concerned with public health in cities, States, and with the responsibilities of the Federal Government in this field. = Social Security
22May1872 Amnesty Act restored civil rights to citizens of the South, except for 500 Confederate leaders. WorldAlman
1873 Russia captures Khiva. P.E.I joins the Canadian Confederation. Alexander Mackenzie is elected Prime Minister of Canada. Color photos are first developed. = Christy's
1873 Economic crisis in Europe. U.S. establishes gold standard . = Kid Info
1873 Bismarck's 14-year "Kulturkampf"-power struggle with Catholicism over control of education, civil marriage, and church appointments-motivates Catholic emigration = German American
1873 Methodist mission established at Fort Simpson.= Canada
Northwest Mounted Police formed= Canada
Mission established at Fort St. James= Canada
1873 The navel orange was brought from Brasil in 1870 by Saunders and given to the USDA for use as grafting stock for the industry. (Ewan, 1969) Riverside resident Mrs. Luther Tibbets received two especially successful trees from which propagation material was taken. Her plants may be the source for all navel orange trees in North America today. (Levetin & McMahon, 1996) = PlantTrivia
1873 Legislation created Yellowstone, the first National Park. (Morgan in Punch, 1992) = PlantTrivia
1873 First Department Store in the world erected in Chicago. StofIL1902
1873-5 North America and Europe Influenza = Epidemic
01May1873 First US postal card issued. WorldAlman
Sep1873 Banks failed, panic began. Depression lasted 5 years. WorldAlman
1874 Hawaii signs a ten year free trade agreement with the USA to give it access to the U.S. sugar market. = Christy's
1874 BC Gazette notice reserving 20-mile wide strip along east coast of VI for a railway= Canada
Glenora post established by HBC at Telegraph Creek= Canada
St. Eugene mission established at Cranbrook= Canada
1874 Glidden invents barbed wire manufacture in US. WallChartB
1875 Earthquake in Colombia, Venezuela = Christianity
1875 Land is available to settlers free of charge (to 1879)= Canada
1875 Founding of Francis Joseph University in Czernowitz, with faculties in law, philosophy, and theology; easternmost German-language university until its Romanization in 1919.= Bukovina
1875 First Kentucky Derby . = Kid Info
1875 The first private pension plan in American industry was adopted by American Express. It provided benefits for employees 60 years of age or over who had 20 years service with the company and were incapacitated for further performance of duty. = Social Security
1875 Daniel Peter and Henri Nestlé added condensed milk to chocolate to create milk chocolate. (Levetin & McMahon, 1996) = PlantTrivia
01Mar1875 Congress passed Civil Rights Act giving equal rights to blacks in public accommodations and jury duty. Act invalidated in 1883 by Supreme Court. WorldAlman
1876 Alexander Graham Bell invents the ~telephone. Custer's last stand. Mark Twain publishes "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" British Queen Victoria is proclaimed Empress of India. In Japan a decree abolishes the ~samurai class of professional warriors. By now 1/5th of grain shipments in the US were done by rail. = Christy's
1876-1915 Radicals dominate the parliamentary scene = Tour Italy
1876 Indian people excluded from voting in municipal elections= Canada
Anglican mission estabished at Masset village= Canada
1876 Bell invents telephone in US. WallChartB
1876 Sioux kill Gen. George A. Custer and 264 troopers at Little Big Horn River. Alexander Graham Bell patents the telephone. = Kid Info
25Jun1876 Col George Armstrong Custer and 264 soldiers of the 7th Cavalry killed in "last stand," Battle of the Little Big Horn, Montana, in the Sioux Indian War. WorldAlman
01Aug1876 38th state admitted into the union, Colorado Aug. 1, 1876; having been settled by 1858 =infoplease
1877 Russo Turkish wars reignite. (1877 - 1978). First sound recording made by Thomas Edison. = Christy's
1877 After presidential election of 1876, Electoral Commission gives disputed Electoral College votes to Rutherford B. Hayes despite Tilden's popular majority. Russo-Turkish war (ends in 1878 with power of Turkey in Europe broken). Reconstruction ends in the American South. Thomas Edison patents phonograph. The Nez Perce leader Chief Joseph is forced to surrender. Tchaikovsky 's Swan Lake. = Kid Info
1877 British traders sent seed of the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) from Brasil to Malaya, followed three decades later by development of Dutch plantations in Sumatra. By 1930 Brasil had lost the rubber market to plantations in Malaya and elsewhere; the work of 150,000 rubber trappers slowly dried up, returning the Amazonian city of Manaus to obscurity. In the 1920s the US company Firestone turned the American near-colony of Liberia into a land of rubber, gaining a concession of 1,000,000 acres from the Liberian government. In 1943 the US dollar became Liberia’s currency. (Ponting, 1991) During WWII the US government, recognizing the importance of rubber harvest to the war effort, maintained a staff of plant pathologists in Liberia to help prevent importation of a leaf blight disease from South America. [See 1823, 1839, 1877, 1881] = PlantTrivia
1877 Kimsquit (Bella Coola) village destroyed by Royal Navy gunboat= Canada
St. Louis mission established near Kamloops= Canada
Cannery industry established on the Skeena River= Canada
1877 Carl Schurz, Secretary of the Interior (1877-81) = German American
1877 Ret Conf Gen Nathan Bedford Forrest died. WorldAlman
1877 First Railroad riots in Illinois. StofIL1902
Feb1877 Reconstruction of the South is ended by Republicans, in exchange Rutherford B Hayes gets the disputed 22 electoral votes needed for presidency. Opponent, Samuel J Tilden received majority of popular vote. WorldAlman
1878-1903 Pope Leo XIII = Christianity
1878 14-point creed of the Niagara Bible Conference, used by Fundamentalists = Christianity
1878 Congress of Berlin. Milk delivered in bottles for first time. Pope Leo XVII ends the practice of castrating boys for the papal choir. Paul Bert, a French physiologist, published his book "La Pressions Barométrique", which would become a classic reference for aeronautical medicine in WWI. = Christy's
1878 Bismarck's Socialist Law leads to wave of Social Democrat emigration / "New Yorker Volkszeitung" becomes organ of Socialist-Labor party = German American
1878 Congress of Berlin revises Treaty of San Stefano, ending Russo-Turkish War; makes extensive redivision of southeastern Europe. First commercial telephone exchange opened in New Haven, Conn. = Kid Info
1878 Anglican Church establishes presence in Alert Bay= Canada
Telephone is used in BC for the first time= Canada
1878 New Orleans [last great epidemic] Yellow Fever = Epidemic
28Jan1878 First commercial telephone exchange opened, New Haven, Connecticut. WorldAlman
15Oct1878 Thomas Alva Edison founded Edison Electric Light Co. WorldAlman
1879 Reported apparition of Mary in Knock, Ireland, considered "worthy of belief" by the Catholic Church = Christianity
1879 Thomas A. Edison invents electric light. = Kid Info
1879 Chancellor Bismarck negotiates a military alliance between Germany and Austria-Hungary. Albert Einstein born. = Christy's
1879 Cemetery Act= Canada
Victoria linked to Nanaimo by telegraph= Canada
22Feb1879 F W Woolworth opened his first five-and-ten store in Utica, New York. WorldAlman
1880 Tenth federal census taken for the United States. All persons in each household are listed by name. All dwellings in each census district were given a number. Each family was also assigned an identification number. Each census sheet listed the county as well as town or township. Several new and wonderful questions were added for this census. Everyone listed their relationship to the Head of the Household, their marital status, their actual place of birth and the place of birth for each parent. = Census
1880 See the 1900 population statistics for an idea of the population growth of this time period. = 1911 Encyclopedia Brit
1880s In this decade, the decade of heaviest German immigration , nearly 1.5 million Germans left their country to settle in the United States; about 250,000, the greatest number ever, arrived in 1882. = GermansInAm
1880 Wisconsin has more German-Americans than any other state / 25 breweries in Cincinnati = German American
1880 British factory workers begin to play soccer; Rinderpest leads to famine in East Africa. "The Thinker" is sculpted by Auguste Rodin . = Christy's
1880 U.S.-China treaty allows U.S. to restrict immigration of Chinese labor. = Kid Info
1880 Canning industry begins on the Skeena River= Canada
1881-1894 Revised Version, called for by Church of England, used Greek based on Septuagint (B) and (S), Massoretic text used in OT, follows Greek order of words, greater accuracy than AV, includes Apocrypha, scholarship never disputed = Christianity
1881-1894: Alexander III = Imperial Russia
1881 Alexander II of Russia was killed by a terrorist bomb. Alexander III is tsar. First Japanese political parties are founded. Henry P. Crowell of Ravenna, Ohio, buys a bankrupt mill and starts the production and advertising of "Quaker Oats". = Christy's
1881 Germany's Emperor, William the First, in a ground-breaking letter to the German Parliament, proposed the adoption of old-age social insurance. = Social Security
1881 Chile defeated Bolivia in a war to take control of coastal and island areas where huge deposits of guano (bird droppings) could be harvested for sale to Europe for use in agricultural fertilizers. The war left Bolivia landlocked. (Ponting, 1991) Saltpeter (sodium nitrate) was extracted from guano and used in various industrial chemical processes, from creating fertilizers, to formulating sulfuric and nitric acids, to manufacturing gunpowder. = PlantTrivia
1881 John Boyd Dunlop acquired the patent for a hollow tire made of rubber and cloth. From this point, tires became the major use of natural rubber. (Lewington, 1990) [See 1823, 1839, 1877] = PlantTrivia
1881 Canneries established in the Nass River and Vancouver Island (East) Regions = Canada
1881 Booker T Washington founded Tuskegee Institute for blacks. WorldAlman
1881 President Garfield fatally shot by assassin; Vice President Arthur succeeds him. Charles J. Guiteau convicted and executed (1882). = Kid Info
02Jul1881 Pres. James Arthur Garfield shot in Washington, DC. WorldAlman
19Sep1881 President James Arthur Garfield died. WorldAlman
1882 Triple Alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy is signed. Tolstoy was born. = Christy's
1882 Terrorism in Ireland after land evictions. Britain invades and conquers Egypt. Germany, Austria, and Italy form Triple Alliance . In U.S., Congress adopts Chinese Exclusion Act . Rockefeller 's Standard Oil Trust is first industrial monopoly. In Berlin, Robert Koch announces discovery of tuberculosis germ. = Kid Info
1882 250,630 German immigrants-more than in any other year = German American
1882 The first major employee-sponsored mutual benefit association was established by the Northern Pacific Railway Beneficial Association which developed a program of complete medical care and other benefits financed by employer-employee payments. = Social Security
1882 Census of Indians taken in BC (through 1883)= Canada
1883 Province starts granting crown lands for railway purposes= Canada
Act to Encourage Coal Mining= Canada
1883 15,000 German Mennonites from Russia settle in Kansas / Brooklyn Bridge opens -- built by the Roeblings = German American
1883 Germany enacted a pioneer law on national compulsory health and maternity insurance for industrial workers and their families. = Social Security
1883 First telephone in Czernowitz.= Bukovina
1883 Addis Ababa became the Ethiopian capital. Within twenty years, the surrounding zone, 100 miles in radius, was stripped of trees for charcoal production. (Ponting, 1991) = PlantTrivia
1883 Congress creates Civil Service Commission. Brooklyn Bridge and Metropolitan Opera House completed. = Kid Info
1883 Supreme Court invalidated 1875 Civil Rights Act which gave equal rights to blacks in public accommodations and jury duty. WorldAlman
16Jan1883 Pendleton Act passed, reformed federal civil service. WorldAlman
24May1883 Brooklyn Bridge opened. WorldAlman
1884 Berlin Conference ('84-'85). Secret "Three Emperors' League" signed between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia. The Fabian Society is founded in London by a group of middle-class intellectuals wishing to promote socialism. = Christy's
1884 Berlin West Africa Conference held in Berlin (lasting until Feb. 1885), at which the major European nations discuss expansion in Africa. = Kid Info
1884 Ottmar Mergenthaler revolutionizes type-setting = German American
1884 An assistant to Sigmund Freud touched purified cocaine to his tongue and discovered a numbing sensation that led to its use as a local anesthetic. Later, a similar chemical compound was produced synthetically, procaine (commonly called by its trade name Novocain), which has replaced cocaine for anesthesis. (Simpson, 1989) = PlantTrivia
1884 Dominion Lands Act= Canada
Timber licences introduced= Canada
1885 Indian National Congress formed. A cabinet, modeled after the German cabinet, is organized in Japan. The Congo Free State is placed under the sovereignty of King Leopold II of Belgium. = Christy's
1885 German Protestant daughter colony of Neu-Zadowa founded.= Bukovina
1885 British Gen. Charles G. "Chinese" Gordon killed at Khartoum in Egyptian Sudan. World's first skyscraper built in Chicago. = Kid Info
1885 Steamers and ferry in operation on Thompson River= Canada
1885 First skyscraper in the world, Chicago. StofIL1902
1885 Plymouth, PA Typhoid = Epidemic
1886 Daimler invents internal combustion engine. Ludwig II of Bavaria is declared insane and dies. The Royal Niger Company is granted a charter to govern the British Oil Rivers Proctorate in southern Nigeria. A pharmacist creates Coca-Cola as a "headache tonic". = Christy's
1886 John S. Pemberton created Coca-Cola, a beverage using water (later carbonated water), caramel, kola nut, sugar, vanilla, cinnamon, lime, and coca leaf extractions. By 1903 the makers began purging the coca leaf extract of its cocaine component before adding it to the syrup. (Levetin & McMahon, 1996) = PlantTrivia
1886 Jacksonville, FL Yellow Fever = Epidemic
1886 The Haymarket Riots in Chicago lead to arrest and execution of radical socialist editor August Spies of the "Arbeiter Zeitung" = German American
1886 Bombing at Haymarket Square , Chicago, kills seven policemen and injures many others. Eight alleged anarchists accused-three imprisoned, one commits suicide, four hanged. (In 1893, Illinois Governor Altgeld, critical of trial, pardons three survivors.) Statue of Liberty dedicated. Geronimo , Apache Indian chief, surrenders. = Kid Info
04May1886 Haymarket riot and bombing, followed by bitter labor battles for 8-hour day in Chicago; 7 police and 4 workers died, 66 wounded. 8 anarchists found guilty. Governor John P Altgeld denounced trial as unfair. WorldAlman
04Sep1886 Geronimo, Apache Indian, finally surrendered. WorldAlman
28Oct1886 The Statue of Liberty was dedicated. WorldAlman
1887 "Three Emperors' League" resigned as the Reinsurance Treaty. The first story containing Sherlock Holmes is published. The language Esperanto is invented by a polish physician. = Christy's
1887 Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle 's first Sherlock Holmes story, A Study in Scarlet. = Kid Info
1887 First American Railway line (Great Northern) reaches into BC= Canada
1887 Chicago University founded. StofIL1902
1887 Daimler & Benz invent motor car engine in Germany. WallChartB
1888 Present State Capitol built. = ILGenWeb
1888 an institute to treat rabbies is founded as a result of Louis Pasteur's research. "Jack the Ripper" murders six women in London. = Christy's
1888 Historic March blizzard in Northeast U.S.-many perish, property damage exceeds $25 million. George Eastman 's box camera (the Kodak). J. B. Dunlop invents pneumatic tire. Jack the Ripper murders in London. = Kid Info
1888 Some 800 German-language publications represent more than 50% of America's foreign language press = German American
1888 Austria adopted compulsory health insurance legislation. = Social Security
1888 Indian Graves Ordinance repealed by federal government= Canada
Small pox outbreak (to 1889)= Canada
1889 Herman Hollerith patents first data processing computer. Alexander G. Eiffel designs the Eiffel Tower. In Japan, a new constitution is promulgated. = Christy's
1889 The International Congress of Industrial Accidents assembled in Paris. This was the forerunner to the International Social Security Association (ISSA). The Congress established the Permanent International Committee on Social Insurance. = Social Security
1889 Germany became the first nation in the world to adopt an old-age social insurance program. Designed by Germany's Chancellor, Otto von Bismarck, the idea was first put forward, at Bismarck's behest, in 1881. = Social Security
1889 Small pox epidemic= Canada
Telegraph line constructed along west coast of Vancouver Island (to 1890)= Canada
1889 Eastman invents photographic film in US. WallChartB
1889 Second (Socialist) International founded in Paris. Indian Territory in Oklahoma opened to settlement. Thousands die in Johnstown, Pa. flood. Eiffel Tower built for the Paris exposition. Mark Twain 's A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court. = Kid Info
1889 Jane Addams founds Hull House in Chicago. = ILGenWeb
1889 The Pajaro Valley Evaporation Company of Watsonville, California, began small-scale production of dehydrated onions. In 1950 tins of their product, still usable, were discovered in Skagway, Alaska. (Rosengarten, 1969) = PlantTrivia
1889 46th state admitted into the union, Oklahoma Nov. 16, 1907; having been settled by 1889 =infoplease
22Apr1889 US declared Oklahoma open to white settlement, within 24 hours claims for 2,000,000 acres were staked by 50,000 settlers. WorldAlman
31May1889 Johnstown, Pennsylvania flood, 2200 lives lost. WorldAlman
02Nov1889 39th state admitted into the union, North Dakota Nov. 2, 1889; having been settled by 1812 =infoplease
02Nov1889 40th state admitted into the union, South Dakota Nov. 2, 1889; having been settled by 1859 =infoplease
08Nov1889 41st state admitted into the union, Montana Nov. 8, 1889; having been settled by 1809 =infoplease
11Nov1889 42nd state admitted into the union, Washington Nov. 11, 1889; having been settled by 1811 =infoplease
1890 US Census was partially damaged by a fire in 1921 in the basement of the Commerce building but more than ten years later it was almost completely destroyed under the new FDR administration.
1890 An estimated 2.8 million German-born immigrants lived in the United States. A majority of the German-born living in the United States were located in the "German triangle ," whose three points were Cincinnati, Milwaukee, and St. Louis. = GermansInAm
1890 William II becomes Kaiser of Germany, and forces Bismarck to resign. Reinsurance treaty falls apart. Battle of Wounded knee. The first Japanese general election is held. First moving-picture shows appear in New York. = Christy's
1890 Congress votes to pass Sherman Antitrust Act . Sioux Chief Sitting Bull arrested and killed by police on Pine Ridge reservation; two weeks later, U.S. troops kill over 200 Sioux at Battle of Wounded Knee . = Kid Info
1890 A St. Louis physician formulated peanut butter as a food for invalids. In 1893 J. H. Kellogg (health food faddist famous for breakfast cereals) made peanut butter for patients with poor teeth. (Heiser, 1981) = PlantTrivia
1890 Rui Barbosa ordered the burning of Brasilian governmental papers relevant to the slave trade and slavery. This act followed the abolition of slavery in 1888. During over three centuries, approximately 4,000,000 black African slaves were imported to Brasil. By 1870 there were 1,500,000 slaves in that country. (Thomas, 1999) = PlantTrivia
1890s Mining boom in the Kootenays (to World War One)= Canada
03Jul1890 43rd state admitted into the union, Idaho July 3, 1890; having been settled by 1842 =infoplease
10Jul1890 44th state admitted into the union, Wyoming July 10, 1890; having been settled by 1834 =infoplease
06Aug1890 First execution by electrocution: William Kemmler at Auburn Prison, Auburn, New York, for murder. WorldAlman
29Dec1890 Battle of Wounded Knee, SD, the last major conflict between Indians and US troops. About 200 Indian men, women and children, and 29 soldiers were killed. WorldAlman
1891 Russia begins to build the TransSiberan Railway. James Naismith invents basketball, in Canada. Pope Leo XIII issues "Rerum Novarum " = Christy's
1891 Hungary adopted compulsory health insurance legislation. = Social Security
1891 Hagaga newspaper published= Canada
Kamloops Wawa newspaper published (to 1917)= Canada
Connolly (Bear Lake) post established by HBC= Canada
1892 Tchaikovsky performs his "the Nutcracker" = Christy's
1892 Battle between steel strikers and Pinkerton guards at Homestead , Pa.; union defeated after militia intervenes. Silver mine strikers in Idaho fight non-union workers; U.S. troops dispatched. Diesel engine patented. = Kid Info
1892 Farmers first became aware that the boll weevil had crossed the Rio Grande River into Texas cotton fields, within a decade threatening destruction of the US cotton industry. USDA investigations were begun in 1894 and a culturally based approach to the problem was proposed by 1897. [See 1906] (Rasmussen, 1960) = PlantTrivia
1892 The first gasoline powered "tractor" was built by John Froelich of Froelich, Iowa. [See 1903] (Rasmussen, 1960) Froelich built his device by mounting a gasoline engine to a wood and steel frame (of a steam traction engine). Weighing about 9,000 pounds, his 30 horsepower gasoline traction engine still weighed much less than an equivalent steam device. (Schlebecker, 1975) The following year the Waterloo Gasoline Traction Engine Co. was founded, based on Froelich’s work. The company did not move directly into production of equipment, but worked for many years on gasoline engines as the Waterloo Gasoline Engine Company. Waterloo eventually returning to the manufacture of working tractors, but by that time Hart and Parr [See 1902] had introduced the first commercial, gasoline powered tractor. Waterloo was purchased by Deere and Co. in the 1920's. (Williams, 1987) = PlantTrivia
1892 Chicago drainage canal begun. StofIL1902
1893 The name of the British Oil Rivers Proctorate (in what is now known as Nigeria) is changed to Niger Coast Protectorate. American businessmen and lawyers in Hawaii stage a revolt, backed by U.S. troops. = Christy's
1893 Civil unrest in Sicily = Tour Italy
1893 New Zealand becomes first country in the world to grant women the vote. = Kid Info
1893 Report on the Census of Indians (to 1895)= Canada
Nanakwa Indian newspaper published out of Kitamaat (to 1906)= Canada
1893 German Protestant daughter colony of Nikolausdorf founded.= Bukovina
1893 Hesse-born John PeterAltgeld becomes Governor of Illinois = German American
1893 A Supreme Court decision, written by Justice Horace Gray, declared the tomato to be a vegetable, based on common usage of the word "vegetable" as opposed to the word "fruit." Thus tomato importer, John Nix, was required to pay a 10% vegetable tariff on a shipment of tomato fruit (now honorary vegetables) from the West Indies. (Levetin & McMahon, 1996; see quote from decision on page 88) = PlantTrivia
1893 World's Columbian Exposition held at Chicago. = ILGenWeb
1893 World's Fair at Chicago. StofIL1902
1893-4 Economic depression= Canada
1894-1917: Nicholas II = Imperial Russia
1894 France and Russia sign a military agreement. Nicholas II of Russia begins his reign. British announce the halt of indentured emigration from India. Sino-Japanese war. Hershey's Chocolate bar makes its debut. = Christy's
1894 Sino-Japanese War begins (ends in 1895 with China's defeat). In France, Capt. Alfred Dreyfus convicted on false treason charge (pardoned in 1906 ). In U.S., Jacob S. Coxey of Ohio leads "Coxey's Army" of unemployed on Washington. Eugene V. Debs calls general strike of rail workers to support Pullman Company strikers; strike broken, Debs jailed for six months. Edison 's kinetoscope given first public showing in New York City. = Kid Info
1894 About 800 German-language journals were being printed in the United States, the greatest number ever. A typical newspaper was the New York Staats Zeitung . = GermansInAm
1894 Peak of pelagic sealing industry in BC = Canada
1894 The first statutory retirement system for teachers was adopted in New York City. = Social Security
1894 A school health program was inaugurated in Boston as a means of controlling communicable diseases. = Social Security
1894 Pullman Car Company workers strike in Chicago. = ILGenWeb
1894 National RR strikes and riots contested. StofIL1902
14Apr1894 Thomas A Edison's kinetoscope (motion pictures)(invented 1887) given first public showing. WorldAlman
06Jun1894 Over 90 Post Offices, representing over 100 communities, are merged into the Chicago Post Office after being absorbed by the city of Chicago. ILPlaceNames
1895 H.G. Wells publishes "The Time Machine " and becomes a full time writer. George Eastman produces the hand held Kodak camera. Using ideas developped by Tesla, George Westinghouse designed a generating system and won a contract to build a power station at Niagra falls. = Christy's
1895 X-rays discovered by German physicist Wilhelm Roentgen. Auguste and Louis Lumière premiere motion pictures at a café in Paris. = Kid Info
1895 Finland adopted an accident compensation law. = Social Security
1895 Smelter built in Trail = Canada
1896 Ethiopians defeat Italians at Adowa. Wilfred Laurier is elected Canada's seventh prime minister. First public showing of a motion picture, in NY city. Sheikh Mubarak becomes ruler of Kuwait, after killing his two brothers. = Christy's
1896 Supreme Court's Plessy v. Ferguson decision-"separate but equal" doctrine. Alfred Nobel's will establishes prizes for peace, science, and literature. Marconi receives first wireless patent in Britain. William Jennings Bryan delivers "Cross of Gold" speech at Democratic Convention in Chicago. First modern Olympic games held in Athens, Greece. = Kid Info
1896 Discovery of gold in the Klondike= Canada
1896 De Forest invents film with soundtrack in US. WallChartB
1896 The first statewide legislation for teachers' pensions was enacted in New Jersey. = Social Security
1896 Fidelity Mutual Life Insurance Company became the first American life insurance organization to provide disability benefits. = Social Security
1896 Supreme Court, in Plessy v Ferguson, approved racial segregation under the "seperate but equal" doctrine. WorldAlman
04Jan1896 45th state admitted into the union, Utah Jan. 4, 1896; having been settled by 1847 =infoplease
1897 The similarity of the motion of an electron and visible light is first described by J. J. Thompson. The kingdom of Benin is added to the Niger Coast Protectorate. = Christy's
1897 The first State law to provide medical and surgical aid for crippled children was enacted by Minnesota. = Social Security
1897 Great Britain adopted accident compensation laws. = Social Security
1897 Theodor Herzl launches Zionist movement. = Kid Info
1897 Bonnington Falls hydro-electric installation becomes operational on Kootenay River= Canada
Incorporation of BC Electric Railway Co. Ltd.= Canada
1898-1904 Twentieth Century NT, changed order of books to chronological = Christianity
1898 Manchu emperor (China ) tries 100 day reforms. Fashoda incident. Spanish-American War. Russian Social Democratic Labour Party founded after Marxist principles. Italian physician Camillo Golgi first describes the Golgi apparatus. America helps Cuba become "independent" from Spain - in exchange American troops run the Cuban government for the next four years. The American army invades Puerto Rico on July 25. For the next two years Puerto Rico is governed by a US military occupation. = Christy's
1898 Chinese "Boxers ," anti-foreign organization, established. They stage uprisings against Europeans in 1900; U.S. and other Western troops relieve Peking legations. U.S. Battleship Maine is sunk in Havana Harbor. Spanish-American War begins. U.S. destroys Spanish fleet near Santiago, Cuba. (For detailed chronology, see Spanish-American War .) Pierre and Marie Curie discover radium and polonium. Spanish-American War: War fires stoked by "jingo journalism" as American people support Cuban rebels against Spain. American business sees economic gain in Cuban trade and resources and American power zones in Latin America. Outstanding events: Submarine mine sinks U.S. battleship Maine in Havana Harbor (Feb. 15); 260 killed; responsibility never fixed. Congress declares independence of Cuba (April 19). Spain declares war on U.S. (April 24); Congress (April 25) formally declares nation has been at war with Spain since April 21. Commodore George Dewey wins seven-hour battle of Manila Bay (May 1). Spanish fleet destroyed off Santiago, Cuba (July 3); city surrenders (July 17). Treaty of Paris (ratified by Senate 1899) ends war. U.S. given Guam and Puerto Rico and agrees to pay Spain $20 million for Philippines. Cuba independent of Spain; under U.S. military control for three years until May 20, 1902. Yellow fever is eradicated and political reforms achieved. = Kid Info
1898 Denmark and Italy adopted accident compensation laws. = Social Security
1898 Riots in Milan, breakdown of law & order in much of country = Tour Italy
1898 A workmen's compensation bill was defeated in the New York State legislature. = Social Security
1898 The National Voluntary Old Age Insurance Institution was organized in Italy. = Social Security
1898 The first State law in the USA providing pensions for the blind was enacted in Ohio.= Social Security
1898 Hydro-electric plant built at Goldstream, near Victoria= Canada
Silver Plate mine opened in Hedley= Canada
1898 Wheat rust is said to have cost the US $67,000,000. By 1904 significant research programs were established to determine control measures. German scientist H. de Bary had detailed the life cycle of wheat rust, but it was not until 1917 that sufficient study existed to support a barberry eradication program, which was first legalized in North Dakota. (Ewan, 1969) = PlantTrivia
1898 The Bayer Company introduced heroin as a substitute for morphine and codeine. By 1917 this drug was found to be greatly addictive and its use in over-the-counter cough syrups was discontinued. (Levetin & McMahon, 1996) = PlantTrivia
15Feb1898 US battleship Maine blown up at Havana, 260 killed. WorldAlman
22Apr1898 US blockaded Cuba in aid of independence forces. WorldAlman
24Apr1898 US declared war on Spain. WorldAlman
01May1898 US destroyed Spanish fleet in Philippines. WorldAlman
20Jun1898 US took Guam. WorldAlman
25Jul1898 US took Puerto Rico thru 12Aug. WorldAlman
10Dec1898 Spain agreed to cede Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam, and approved independence for Cuba. WorldAlman
1899 Kuwait and Britian sign a bilateral agreement giving Britian the responsibility for Kuwait's defense and foreign affairs. Boer War begins. The Hague conference esablishes the Permadent Court of International Justice. = Christy's
1899 In the opinion of many Finns the Russian Emperor Nicholas II breaks his promise to uphold the Finnish Constitution when the so-called February Manifesto is issued. Finns oppose the manifesto, which they think will erode their autonomous position. A period of resistance begins and lasts until independence is attained in 1917. = Finland
1899 Boer War (or South African War): conflict between British and Boers (descendants of Dutch settlers of South Africa). Causes rooted in longstanding territorial disputes and in friction over political rights for English and other "uitlanders" following 1886 discovery of vast gold deposits in Transvaal. (British victorious as war ends in 1902.) Casualties: 5,774 British dead, about 4,000 Boers. Union of South Africa established in 1908 as confederation of colonies; becomes British dominion in 1910. = Kid Info
1899 Boer (South African) War. Indian soldiers from BC participate (to 1902)= Canada
1899 The holdings of Minor Cooper Keith (the American builder of an 1871 Costa Rican railroad and subsequent planter of bananas) were merged with the Boston Fruit Company to form the United Fruit Company. By 1981, half of all world banana exports came to the US. (Heiser, 1981)[see 1804] = PlantTrivia